1、初中英语从句小结从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)1.宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher
2、when he grew up.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句有自己的连接词 宾语从句用陈述语序 宾语从句的时态宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句
3、根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.2.状语从句2.1 时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
4、时间状语的连接词：when(当时候) while(当时候) as(当时候) after(在以后) before(在以前) as soon as(一就) since(自从到现在) till /until(直到才) by the time(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：when当的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.2.2 原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因语的句子。连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that
5、等词引导。举例：I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.2.3 条件状语从句连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)举例：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.4 目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词 sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导
6、。举例：sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.2.5 让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词： though, although.，whetheror not举例：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。由下列词引导， 1. 由 that 引导（ that在口语中可省略）He said ( that) he would like to see the headma
7、ster.She said (that ) she would leave a message on his desk.He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.2. 接连接代词或连接副词引导.(what .who .which . whose /where, when ,how ).Do you know what time the train leaves?Can you tell me which class you are in?I wanted to know where we should show our tickets.3.
8、whether 或if 引导Lily wanted to know if it would rain the next day.She asked if they would go to the park this Sunday.*在选择疑问句中，或与or not 连用时，必须用whether而不能用if。 变宾语从句需要注意以下几点：a 时态变化： 主句是一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态 主句是过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种 主句是将来时，从句必须是一般现在时。 B人称变化：不常用 如：He asked me.“Are you a teacher？” He asked me if I was
9、 a teacher。 C语序变化：Where is Mike ？ Do you know？ Do you know where Mike is ？Practise ：1 He said .The boy is a clever boy.2 He is sure. His team can beat them 3 He was afraid. It will be windy tomorrow.4 He said. The lost book was founded.5 He hopes . He will be able to pass the exam.6 He asked . When
10、will the bus arrive？7 Mother asked her son . Whose pen are you using?8 The children said. We enjoy ourselves very much.9 The boy asked me . Have you heard any noise from outside?10. Do you know . Which way must we take to?11. I dont know . Why is he late for the meeting?12. Do you remember When did
11、he die?13. Nobody knows When will he come back?14. Do you know What are they looking for?15. He asked me How long does it take to walk to school?16. Father asked me What is wrong with you?17. I didnt know He is going to have a boy.18. They never asked Will it be a boy or a girl?19. He didnt know pop
12、ulation is a big problem.20. I thought He will come back soon.21. He asked me Which TV programme will you watch?22. I dont know Will it grow fast?23. Lily asked Can the man help them 24. Mother asked Do they have a cheaper one?25. She asked Lucy Do you need some more tea?26. The teacher asked us Do
13、you have any questions?27. He asked What did Lucy say ?28. She didnt know Who was in the room?29. They wanted know What is in the stockings?30. He asked What is his present?31. He asked Did Jim have a good journey home?32. He wanted to know Was it warm in Moscow ?33. He asked Where is Jack?34. He wa
14、nted to know What has happened?35. He asked Is anybody hurt ?时间状语从句：常用下列词语 when 、after、 before 、as soon as 、(not )until 、since关于主、从句的时态关系与宾语从句一致1. I was doing my homework when he came in.2. I will write to you as soon as I get there .3. I will finish the cooking before my mother comes back.4. I didn
15、t go to bed until my mother returned home 条件状语从句： 1.We wont go to the park if it rains tomorrow.2.If you have lost the book , you must pay for it .原因状语从句：常用下列词语 because , for , as , so 1. I am late because I missed the train.2. He was lazy so he didnt pass the exam.综合练习：用适当的词填空1. You can not go to t
16、he classroom _ they are having a lesson.2. _ they arrived at the theatre, the play had already begun.3. Tom speaks English _ well _ an Englishman .4. _ I was walking in the park , I met Tom 5. _ I had done my homework , I went home.6. _ she got home ,she began to wash her clothes.7. Toms mother had
17、been a teacher _ she was twenty.8. I waited _ he had finished his work .9. You will study _ you study hard .10. _ he has time ,he will come and see us in Changchun.11. I dont like winter there _ it is very cold.3.no matter从句结构：no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序 或特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序如：No matter what happened, he
18、would not mind.注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。4.定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that连接副词：when、where、why5.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名
19、词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词： that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词：when, where, how, why如：That she was chosen made us very happy.初一英语语法总结初一英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的，但语
20、法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小，容易被忽视，但这些知识点掌握不熟练，往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习初一英语语法时，要认真、细心，不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面，总结出了初一英语语法，如果要复习英语句法的同学，可以参考一下，一、初一英语语法词法1、名词A）、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes,
21、glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯五
22、）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员九）
23、合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 p
24、eoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB）名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：一）单数在后面加s。如：brothers,
25、Mikes, teachers二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers Day教师节, classmates; Childrens Day六一节, Womens Day三八节三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）2、代词项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性第一人称 单数 I me my mine mysel
26、f复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称 单数 she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this that itself复数 they them their theirs these those themselves3、动词A） 第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells,
27、waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes五）特殊的有：are-is, have-hasB） 现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一）一般
28、在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show showing, draw-drawing
29、）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nices
30、t, larger -largest二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三） 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词
