1、高三英语二轮复习 第一板块 语法填空与短文改错 题型一 语法填空第一板块 语法填空与短文改错 题型一 语法填空补上一课从划分句子成分上找到语法填空、短文改错的解题突破口目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。所以在此很有必要给考生们补上这一课。句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。一、主语句子的主体(主语用“
2、”标注)主语是句子的主体，用于说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者，除倒装句外，一般位于句子的开头。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。The_most_obvious_problem_in_our_class is lack of interaction and teamwork.我们班最明显的问题是缺少互动和协作。(名词短语作主语)Mastering_a_foreign_language will be of great help in our life.掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)Whether_she_will_be_able_to_c
3、ome remains a question.她是否能来仍然是一个问题。(从句作主语)二、谓语主语的行为(谓语用“”标注)谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词实义动词”充当。When he got up at 7：00 am, a big plan occurred to him.他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词和动词短语作谓语)The watch is necessary in our daily life, but its function is too simple and dull.手表在我们日常
4、生活中是必要的，但它的功能太简单呆板了。(系表结构作谓语)We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.对于组织课堂活动，我们可能有不同的观点。(“情态动词实义动词”作谓语)三、宾语动作的对象(宾语用“”标注)宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.我设法说服我的同学接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)Suddenly he tho
5、ught of seeing the beautiful views of the city again before setting out.他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(动名词短语作宾语)Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们彼此合作良好的程度。(从句作宾语)四、表语主语的特征(表语用“ ”标注)表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句等。A
6、lthough the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.尽管答案有些奇怪，但只有我对此产生了怀疑。(形容词作表语)Several minutes passed but the whole class was in complete silence几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。(介词短语作表语)The important thing is to learn and control your temper so that you may not do or say anything youll regret.最重
7、要的是学会控制你的脾气，这样你可能就不会说出使你后悔的话。(不定式短语作表语)五、定语名词的修饰语(定语用“ ”标注)定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词和从句等。We may have various ways to deal with such a situation我们可能有各种各样应付此类情况的方式。(形容词和不定式短语作定语)All the books offered by the students a
8、re reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。(过去分词短语作定语)How Li Hua regretted the valuable time (that) he had wasted on the computer!李华多么后悔浪费在玩电脑游戏上的宝贵时间！(形容词和从句作定语)六、状语动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语(状语用“ ”标注)状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数
9、词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、独立主格和从句等。After a weeks trip, he returned home, tired but very happy旅行了一周后，他回到了家，感到很累但很高兴。(介词短语和形容词作状语)To compete more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.为了更好地与他人竞争，越来越多的人们都用更高水平的教育来装备自己。(不定式短语作状语)Time permitting, I expect to have
10、more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship时间允许的话，我希望有更多的业余时间和朋友一起度过，这样我们就会有更加良好的关系。 (独立结构和从句作状语)七、补语宾语或主语的补充说明(补语用“ ”标注)补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语；补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句等。Well try our best to make our count
11、ry more and more beautiful我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)Popular science books can help us students to become more interested in science and nature科普书能帮助我们学生对科学和自然更感兴趣。(不定式短语作宾补)To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(过去分词作宾补)八、同
12、位语同等重要的修饰语(同位语用“ ”标注)对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。They three want to travel around the world together on foot.他们三个想一起步行周游世界。(数词作同位语)We are going to the local nursing home for the coming Double Ninth Festival, a holiday for us to show our respect
13、for the elderly.我们打算去当地一家敬老院过即将到来的重阳节，该节日显示了我们对老年人的尊重。(名词作同位语)I hold the opinion that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。(从句作同位语)课堂巩固训练 划分句子成分题型研究课从题型上探究语法填空、短文改错的解题技能题型一语法填空 对应学生用书P4 语法填空就是命题人在预先选好的一篇地道的英语美文中，在保证句子成分、结构和语法等有效解题信息基本完备的基础上，挖去10个空所为。这10个
14、空又根据提示词的有无分为有提示词和无提示词两种，这两种题型究其实质还是对基本语法知识的考查。感悟高考A(2016全国卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _61_(attract)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base, where ticket mo
15、ney helps pay for research. I _62_ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be _63_ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back _64_ my days on a TV show in the mid198
16、0s, _65_ I was the first Western TV reporter _66_ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include _67_ (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of B
17、ifengxia.On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few _69_ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, _70_ other is with mum she never suspects.答案解析语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。成都涌现出很多百万富翁、亚洲最大的建筑以及豪华酒店，但
18、这对于作者这样的游客来说，熊猫才是那里的魅力所在。61attraction形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。62was allowedI与allow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；又因上一句主句用过去时，可确定此句也用过去时。故填was allowed。63officially空格处修饰过去分词given，故用副词修饰。official的副词形式是officially (官方地)。64togo back to“追溯到”，是固定搭配。句意：但是我和熊猫的渊源可以追溯到20世纪80年代中期我做一个电视节目的。65when分析句子结构可
19、知，空格处所在的句子是定语从句。定语从句修饰前面的“the mid1980s”，且从句缺少时间状语，故用when引导该定语从句。66permittedreporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语permitted to .作后置定语，修饰reporter。67introducing此处用动名词作include的宾语。68itsmother是名词，故此处填it的形容词性物主代词its。69days“every few复数名词”意思是“每隔”。every few days“每隔几天”。70theone . the other .“一个另一个”。B(2016全国卷)
20、If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of _61_ (great) and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _62_ (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _63_ (be) often accept
21、able.Most of us are more focused _64_ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive _65_ possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.Recent _66_ (study)
22、 show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _67_ (regular). Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _68_ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely _69_ (bring) your work h
23、ome. It could be anything gardening, cooking, music, sports but whatever it is, _70_ (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.答案解析语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如果在工作中感觉压力很大，你不妨先后退一步，把手头的工作分一下轻重缓急，优先处理最重要的工作，这样你就能获得一种成就感。61greaterand连接并列成分，由and后的less可知，空格处也要用形容词的比较级。great的比
24、较级是greater。62achievement介词of后要用名词形式，achieve的名词是achievement。63is单个的动名词短语leaving .作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式，又因为文章主体时态是一般现在时，故填is。64onfocus on“集中于，聚焦于”，是固定搭配。句意：我们大多数人在上午比在一天的晚些时候更能集中精力工作。65asas . as possible意为“尽可能”，是固定句式。句意：因此，早点儿开始，在午餐前尽可能高效。66studies谓语动词为show，故空格处应填study的复数形式studies。67regularly空格处修饰动词短语“take s
25、hort breaks”，故用副词。regular的副词形式是regularly。68afor a while“片刻，一会儿”，是固定搭配。69to bringbe likely to do sth.“可能做某事”。句意：如果你发现在办公室之外有喜欢做的事情，你把工作带回家的可能性就小了。70make分析破折号后的句子结构可知，whatever引导让步状语从句，make sure .部分是主句。这里用动词原形开头构成祈使句。C(2016全国卷)In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japa
26、n, Korea, _61_ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _62_ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese ch
27、aracters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _63_ (create) special designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, _64_ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, _65_ the population grew, people began cutting fo
28、od into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _66_ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _67_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the _68_ (develop) of chopsticks. Confu
29、cius believed knives would remind people of killings and _69_ (be) too violent for use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example，most people traditionally eat _70_ their hands.答案解析语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。筷子通常是两根细长的木头或竹子。它们也能用塑料、动物的骨头或者金属制成。有时，筷子很有艺术性。61and句意：在中国、日本、韩国和越南的文
30、化里，人们通常用筷子吃饭。62be made筷子用金、银做成，此处用被动语态。be made of“用制成”。63to create此处表示combine . and .的目的，故用不定式作目的状语。句意：熟练的工人也把各种各样的硬木和金属结合起来以创造出特别的样式。64usingpeople与use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作方式状语。65as/when句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，空格内填as或者when, as/when引导时间状语从句。66gradually空格处修饰turned into，故用副词。gradu
31、al的副词形式是gradually。67who分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句子是非限制性定语从句。定语从句修饰先行词Confucius(孔子)，且从句中缺少主语，故用who引导。68development空格处位于定冠词the后，由of chopsticks修饰，故空格处须填名词。develop的名词形式是development。69were分析句子结构可知，believed后接宾语从句，宾语从句由and连接两个并列谓语。主句用了一般过去时，从句也要用相应的过去时态；又因主语是knives，故填were。70witheat with their hands“用手抓饭吃”。with表示“用”。全国卷3年考情分析 注：2016年全国高考共3套试题，有的按甲、乙、丙卷分类，有的按、卷分类，其对应关系为卷乙卷、卷甲卷、卷丙卷，本书按、卷分类，以下各题型同。考查点年份、卷别有提示词无提示词词类转换谓语动词非谓语动词
