1、英语语言学概论整理Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in
2、 their native language.3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or conventi
3、on.5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.7. duality of
4、structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rathe
5、r than by inheritance.9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1. What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of langua
6、ge.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmi
7、ssion6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language
8、operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4. (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of childrens language? And what are the three functional components of adult language
9、?I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of childrens language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能 osbQtqkfh7) Imaginative func
10、tion. 想象功能II. Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the l
11、atter is concerned with one particular language.2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistic
12、s presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time. 3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of
13、 the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics (微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.5. langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refe
14、rs to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6. competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is ones knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems
15、 whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.7. speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8. linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a
16、 certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation (横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the l
17、atter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10. verbal communication and non-verbal communication (言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1.
18、 How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following: 1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied li
19、nguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the th
20、eory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3. What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学 is a s
21、tudy of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speakers native language.3) Morphology. 形态学 studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not. 5) Semantics. 语义学 studies about the me
22、aning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学 The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypoth
23、esis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 3 Phonetics语音学1. articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonet
24、ics.3. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so na
25、rrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5. vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6. bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by th
26、e two lips. p b m w7. affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. tX dY tr dr8. glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9. rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by
27、 the lips forming a circular opening. u: u OB O10. diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.eiaiOi Quau11. triphthongs (三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapi
28、dly and continuously to a third one. eiQaiQOiQ QuQauQ12. lax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,e is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax v
29、owels.1. How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1) The position of the soft palate.2) The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3) The place of articulation.4) The manner of articulation.2. How are
30、 vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1) The state of the velum2) The position of the tongue.3) The openness of the mouth.4) The shape of the lips.5) The length of the vowels.6) The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3. What are the t
31、hree sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1) Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the tr
32、ansmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3) Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:1) Voiced.2) Nasal.3) Consonantal.4) Vocalic.5) Continuant.6) Anterior.7)
