1、,Summary Writing,What is“summary”?,A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.读者在正确理解文章的基础上,在不改变原文中心思想体裁和结构的前提下，省去细节，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。,I helped an old man in rags who had lost his way.,I helped an old man.,details,main point,These school buses meet more
2、of the nations motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road.Also,several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer,such as video cameras on the inside and outside,stop arm cameras,GPS tracking and collision lessening systems.,How to write a good summar
3、y?,A.,通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）,1.确定文体 the types of the passage,2.消减事例,In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particul
4、ar danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of English in 1546.,3.省略细节,（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）,essential information,4.提炼关键词,简单句：通常在主谓宾部分而非定状补部分；并列句：通常在表转折关系的连词（but、however等）之后，在表并列关系的连词（and、or等）前后都有；复合句：通常在主句部分而非从句部分，有宾语从句的除
5、外，关键词应在宾语从句部分。,删除具体描述、删除或减少事例、删除数据、论据、删除重复等。,B.改写,在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。,改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。,1.使用近义词或反义词,Zhou Yang will remember his first task as a reporter.,To research whether such a“sixth sense”really exists,Robert Baker performed two experiments.,Never wil
6、l Zhou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist.,study,if,carried out/did/made,例：常用动词（短语）的替换高级词汇,She brought home a lot of books and magazines.,2.把短语变为单词,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Cleaning away dirt benefits health.,3.使用广义词(general words)代替具体词(specific words),She brought home sev
7、eral Chinese and English novels,a few copies of Time and Newsweek,and some textbooks.,He didnt like the city.He hated it.,4.消除重复,5.把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语,The boss said to him,“Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.”,He disliked the city.,The boss said that with more experience he could cover n
8、ews.,6.主动句和被动句互换,Robert Baker,a psychologist at the University of Kentucky,performed two experiments.,Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.,7.基本句型间灵活转换,Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,S+V+P,S+V+O,Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.,You will obtain
9、 all the information if various questions are asked.,8.特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，there be）和正常语序句式的转化,Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.,To research whether such a“sixth sense”really exists,Robert Baker,there is really a sixth sense,9.把从句变为短语(介词短语，非谓语动词短语),If the interv
10、iewee agrees,you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.,With the interviewees agreement,a recorder could be used.,_,The skin is a necessary organ,which can serve as a barrier against outside dangers.,例：表示因果高级衔接,Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being sta
11、red at.,10.各种从句的灵活转化,His conclusion is that people are not equipped with the ability to feel others observation.,C.核查,核查连贯性,优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）,核查字数（60-80words）,核查标点和语法,+,Steps of writing summary,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,have,
12、exist,changing,opinions，viewpoints,People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.Changing viewpoints toward dirt exist.Peoples viewpoints towards dirt are changing.,S+V+P,In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,It was thought that/People
13、 believed that,protectfrom;preventfrom;keepfree from,S+V+P,illness,getting ill,In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin could protect them from getting ill.In the early 16th century,people believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.,S+V+O,cleaning away dirt is good to
14、 health.,Doing A is good to B,It is good for B to do A,it was good for health to remove dirt.,remove,washoff,benefit your health,keephealthy,washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.,Nowadaysan American immunologist,encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.,now
15、/at present,some scientists,advise,suggest,hold the view,powerful,expose to,Now,more people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system.,More and more people believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.,People have changing opinions to
16、ward dirt over time.In the early 16th century,it was thought that dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.However,people have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century.Now,an increasing number of people hold the view that children should be exposed to
17、the dirt to strengthen immune system.,Dont forget to make your summary tight!,Example 1:,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving a road ca
18、n lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.Human activity is not responsibl
19、e for all water shortages.Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts than areas with more rainfall,but in any case,good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference,too.In the Uni
20、ted States,a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day!This shows how much we depend on water to live,but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with,use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your di
21、shwasher only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,关注那些承上启下过渡句,Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages.Drier climates are of course more likely to have dro
22、ughts than areas with more rainfall,but in any case,good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.,关注那些总起句和小词,Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference,too.In the United States,a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day!This s
23、hows how much we depend on water to live,but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with,use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in y
24、our home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,如何使用自己的语言概括,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.
25、You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwat
26、er.,Sample,参考答案Human activities,such as wasting water,polluting rivers and constructing roads,can partly lead to water shortage.Meanwhile,drier climates are another cause of insufficient water supply.Hopefully,if you take action to use water smartly/wisely in your daily life,say,using the same glass
27、 of water,maximizing the efficiency of dishwashers,helping repair leaks and recycling batteries,you can still make a significant difference.,Example 2:,Many couples who already have one healthy,happy child,are facing a dilemma,that is,the issue of whether to have a second child or not.They have hard
28、 jobs and limited time and money,but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child.So,what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child?That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand.One popular saying is that one chi
29、ld means a lonely child.Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child.They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child,because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with,which may make the child feel lonely at times,especially during vac
30、ations.Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters.If one couple had only one child,the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who
31、grows up with brothers or sisters.However,in many parts of the world,more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents.With just one child,they suggest,there is little chance of family arguments conce
32、rned with children.Besides,as an only child in the family,the child can receive more quality time and attention.This often leads to increased self-respect and independence,which can lead to the child being more confident.Unluckily,there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a
33、 second child.Every family is different,and what is proper for one family may not be for another.The important thing,in the end,is to make a decision that both you and your spouse(配偶)feel confident about.,关注那些表示观点的句子,One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child.Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child.They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child,
