1、托福入门阅读Lesson 4Lesson FourPart One: 托福阅读复习大纲一、文章及其操作（托福文章十大命题点） 1.文章第一句（特别是当第一句为定义句） *定义句：A be B A be called B new method A which be B *一般为主题句的概率为72%左右（主要出现于科技，人物传记，地区发展等） 2.列举及并列句 First，SecondThird 或A，B and C 本种文章特征针对托福二种题型，Except或Not型及Which of following is true？ *关键在于识别平行概念及内容，也不一定为平行结构 3.否定及转折（考率极
2、高的文章内容） But， Yet， Nevertheless， However等 *规律：否定关联，后面内容必定 4.特殊写法： 文章中与众不同写法 1） 用词特殊（如：科技文章中色彩词） 2） 复，长句（作者改写考率高） 3） 距离原则 4） 专有人称（第一次引入位置必考） 5） 破折号表示解释与强调 6） 括号（）解释与定义 7） 引号/冒号/惊叹号等写作手法 *文章中，特殊写法在每篇文章中出现较少，但极重要 5.每段主题句（这也是归纳主题的关键位置） 出现于每一段第一句 情型： A）if ，答案 B）not，正向为主 C）定义句 6.每篇文章最后一句（托福中一般必考） *规律：文章最后一
3、题对最后一句 7.最高级及作者强烈肯定 1） 最高级词汇：all， every， each， only 2） 连作者自己也觉得明显：apparent， clearly， evidently， obvious 3） 作者认为“重要”：important， impressive， remarkable 4） 作者语气“坚决”：surely， certainly， inevitable， by all means 5） 插入语：that is ， namely *凡出现该种模式词汇必考 8.因果句及因果关联 1） 连词：because， since， so 2） 动词：cause， originat
4、e from， derive from 3） 名词：consequence， result， basis *因果句在托福考题中出现的考点是推理题 9.比较级及比喻 1） suchas/like/compare 2） 夸张的比较：a good deal， more， very much alike 10.转换语气句 （主要体现在“不是而是“） Notbut/instead/not so muchthan rather/notin fact Part Two:Exercise5. Factual Information Question 1 According to paragraph, whic
5、h of the following is true of X?2 The authors description of X mentions which of the following? 3 According to the paragraph, X occurred because 4 According to the paragraph, X did Y because 5 According to the paragraph, why did X do Y? 6 The authors description of X mentions which of the following?
6、 1) 细节的出现方式a. 直接支持细节对TS进行深入阐述，进一步展开概念b. 间接支持细节通常用举例的方式对TS进行生动形象的说明。Ture/False考察对细节的辨别能力2) 细节的考察方式True/False 对细节辨析能力Given/ Not given扫读，寻读except 3) 1 选项中出现的极端选项可以首先候选:only, few, little, every, any, all, no, never, none, the best/most, completely, totally, absolutely2 错误逻辑问题a. 利用原文中已有的信息点引人原文中未出现的信息点b.
7、 虚假比较 在原文中有两个信息点建立虚假的逻辑关系: More/ less than, as but, compare, contrast3 两种情况 a. 极端此和比较前出现否定词b. 原文中确实出现极端和优先词3 干扰项设置原理a. 程度过于极端b. 原文信息+虚假逻辑c. 原文信息但是无关d. 原文信息+外来信息e. 合理但是未提到的内容正确选项a. 同义改写b. 关键词原文重现4 定位词辨别 定位词可以减少文章的阅读时间，有些段落内容可以会涉及到两个或者两个以上的信息点，而题目只需要对其中一个信息点的内容加以提问 定位词大多是名词或者专有名词5 题型设置True题型a. 定位关键词 1
8、5,16,17,19,8,20,22b. 时间，数字，地点 11,18c. 相反逻辑（错误选项） 7,8d. 无关信息（但是信息正确） 7,8e. 限定词，极端，最高级定位 3,4,21Because 因果题型 关键词： 11，5 找出因果信息点：6,7 主旨句： 4,10 上下句： 1,2，3,5,8,9Why同义改写定位比较常见1The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial peepshow format to the point w
9、here images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edisons peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscop
10、e parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to w
11、atch five different f ilms (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight). 1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT: One individual at a time viewed a film. Customers could view one film after another. Pr
12、izefights were the most popular subjects for films. Each film was short. 2.The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7C (45F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25C (77F). This warm body temperature
13、 may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special heaters of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs. According to paragraph 9, which
14、of the fol lowing is true of bluefin tunas? Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish. Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature. They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies. They have special muscle tissue that war
15、ms their eyes and brain. 3Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 bi llion years). There are two principal inf
16、luences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of changes in Earths landscape? They oc
17、cur more often by uplift than by erosion They occur only at special times. They occur less frequently now than they once did. They occur quickly in geological terms.4.Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places
18、. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the worlds cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is
19、less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true about periods when the demand for electricity is relatively low? These
20、periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas. These periods provide the opportunity to produce and store energy for future use. These periods create storage problems for all forms of power generation. These periods occur as often as periods when the demand for electricity is high
21、.5This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion lifted about 100 trill ion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to t
22、he surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that s
23、prayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs. According to paragraph 4, all of the following
24、 statements are true of the impact at the end of the Cretaceous period EXCEPT: A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth. Earth became cold and dark for several months. New elements were formed in Earths crust. Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.6At the upper timberline the trees
25、 begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are stron
26、gly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more fa
27、vorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes? Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys. Tree growth is greater in valleys th
28、an on ridges. Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds. Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics. 7The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds
29、and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insul
30、ation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT: Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds. Because they are low, the wint
31、er snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold. In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere. Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.8 Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human env
