1、高中英语语法习题非谓语动词非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。 定义及构成1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般
2、式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the
3、 work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的
4、人称和数的限制。 (5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。 功能及用法以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： 时态/语态主动语态被动语态一般时 to do tobe done进行时to be doing完成时to have doneto have been done完成进行时to have been doing(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征. 否定式：not + (to) do （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teac
5、her ordered the work to be done. （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，I regretted having told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend. 2不定式的句法功能： （1）作主语： To finis
6、h the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容
7、词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。 （2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree,
8、promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. （4）
9、作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为
10、被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. （5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰t
11、ime, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. （6）作状语：
12、 表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果)： He arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to
13、 find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. （7）作目的状语： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. （8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wi
14、shed to study medicine and become a doctor. （二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： Ving 否定式：not + 动名词 （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited（3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was fi
15、ve years old. （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 2动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting. 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelli
16、ng. （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. （3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others.要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest
17、, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit，deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in,
18、be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like （4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick.Is there a swimming pool in your school? （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged （三）现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，
19、又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is
20、very important. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 2现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用i
21、n the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的 动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 （3）作宾语补足语： 如下动词
22、后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? He kept the car waiting at the gate. （4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 作原因状语： Being a League
23、member, he is always helping others. 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soo
24、n. 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 作独立成分： udging from(by) his appearance, he mus
25、t be an actor. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. （四）过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则 要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1过去分词作定语： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做
26、 定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water fallen leavesnewly arrived goods the risen sun这类过去分词有：gone
27、, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several times last week. 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play.4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
28、（时间） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. （条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy（让步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.更多练习1._ more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving 2.The first textbooks _
29、 for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written 3.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing 4._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him. A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing 5.When passing me he pretended _ me. A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen 6.The children insisted _ there on foot. A.they going B.they would go C.on their going D.going 7.He still remembers _ to Shanghai when he was very young
