1、财务知识经济学常用名词(财务知识)经济学常用名词稀缺scarcity自由物品Freegoods经济物品Economicgoods经纪人Economicman理性行为Rationalbehavior如果其他条件不变Ceterisparibus效率Efficiency公平Equity资源配置Allocationofresources交换Exchange市场经济Marketeconomy见不见的手Aninvisiblehand经济自由Economicliberty自由放任Laissezfarie计划经济Plannedeconomy合约Contract,agreement需求Demand供给Suppl
2、y价格Price均衡Equilibrium市场出清Marketcleaning壹价定律Lawofoneprice弹性Elasticity边际Margin消费者主权Consumersovereignty生产者主权Producersovereignty机会集合Opportunityset预算约束和时间约束Budgetconstraintandtimeconstraint偏好Preference效用Uility网络效应Networkeffect价值悖论Valueparadox替代效应Substitutioneffect收入效应Incomeeffect替代品Substitutiongoods互补品Co
3、mplementarygoods正常商品和低档商品Normalgoodsandinferiorgoods吉芬商品Giffengoods消费者剩余Consumerssurplus闲暇Leisure企业Firm企业家Enrepreneur新经济Neweconomy小业主制Singleproprietorship,soleproprietorship合伙制Partnership股份X公司Corporation,limitedcompanyX公司治理Corporategovernance生产可能性边界Productionpossibilityfrontier投入Input产出Output成本Cost机
4、会成本Opportunitycost沉淀成本Depositedcost固定成本Fixedcosts变动成本Variablecosts销售成本Sellingcosts要素成本Factorcost正常利润Normalprofit超额利润Super-normalprofit利润最大化Profitmaximization范围经济Economiesofscope规模经济Economiesofscale市场权力Marketpower竞争Competition完全竞争Perfectcompetition垄断Monopoly自然垄断Naturalmonopoly垄断竞争Monopolisticcompetit
5、on寡头Oligopoly买方寡头Oligopsony勾结Collusion卡特尔Cartel托拉斯Trust兼且Merger产品差别Productdifferentiation劫掠性定价Perdatorypricing公用事业定价Publicuilitypricing引致需求Deriveddemand要素替代Factorsubstitution工资Wage非竞争集团Non_competinggroups货币的时间价值Thetimevalueofmoney利息Interest租金Rent时间的价值Thevalueoftime迂回生产方式Roundaboutmethodsofproduction资产专用性Assetspecificity资本Capital固定资本Fixedcapital流动资本Circulatingcapital人力资本Humancapital人口红利Demographicdividend