1、毕设外文翻译单片机基础毕设外文翻译-单片机基础毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别: 电气系 专业: 电气工程及其自动化 班级: 姓名:学号: 外文出处: Atomation Professional English Course (用外文写) Pressed By Machinery Industry Press 附 件:1、外文原文;2、外文资料翻译译文。 指导教师评语: 签字: 年 月 日 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。 1、 外文原文(复印件) A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer The single-chip microcomput
2、er is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century 1. These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard archit
3、ecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2. In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is charact
4、erized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3. Program Input& memory Output CPU unit Data memory Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Input& Output CPU memory unit Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer External Timer/ System Timing Counter clock
5、components Serial I/O Reset ROM Prarallel I/O Interrupts RAM CPU Power Fig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputer Read only memory (ROM).ROM is usually for the permanent, non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume appl
6、ications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development
7、process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools. Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmable memory. T
8、he simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit with restri
9、cted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROMless devices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM2;there can still be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor bas
10、ed circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with piggy-back EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。These devices are naturally more expensive than equivalent ROM device, but do provide complete circuit equivalents
11、. EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for low-volume applications where they provide the advantages of a single-chip device, in terms of on-chip I/O, etc. ,with the convenience of flexible user programmability. Random access memory (RAM).RAM is for the storage of working variables and
12、data used during program execution. The size of this memory varies with device type but it has the same characteristic width (4,8,16 bits etc.) as the processor ,Special function registers, such as stack pointer or timer register are often logically incorporated into the RAM area. It is also common
13、in Harard type microcomputers to treat the RAM area as a collection of register; it is unnecessary to make distinction between RAM and processor register as is done in the case of a microprocessor system since RAM and registers are not usually physically separated in a microcomputer . Central proces
14、sing unit (CPU).The CPU is much like that of any microprocessor. Many applications of microcomputers and microcontrollers involve the handling of binary-coded decimal (BCD) data (for numerical displays, for example) ,hence it is common to find that the CPU is well adapted to handling this type of da
15、ta .It is also common to find good facilities for testing, setting and resetting individual bits of memory or I/O since many controller applications involve the turning on and off of single output lines or the reading the single line. These lines are readily interfaced to two-state devices such as s
16、witches, thermostats, solid-state relays, valves, motor, etc. Parallel input/output. Parallel input and output schemes vary somewhat in different microcomputer; in most a mechanism is provided to at least allow some flexibility of choosing which pins are outputs and which are inputs. This may apply
17、to all or some of the ports. Some I/O lines are suitable for direct interfacing to, for example, fluorescent displays, or can provide sufficient current to make interfacing other components straightforward. Some devices allow an I/O port to be configured as a system bus to allow off-chip memory and
18、I/O expansion. This facility is potentially useful as a product range develops, since successive enhancements may become too big for on-chip memory and it is undesirable not to build on the existing software base. Serial input/output .Serial communication with terminal devices is common means of pro
19、viding a link using a small number of lines. This sort of communication can also be exploited for interfacing special function chips or linking several microcomputers together .Both the common asynchronous synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing (start and stop) info
20、rmation .This can be implemented as a hardware facility or U(S)ART(Universal(synchronous) asynchronous receiver/transmitter) relieving the processor (and the applications programmer) of this low-level, time-consuming, detail. t is merely necessary to selected a baud-rate and possibly other options (
21、number of stop bits, parity, etc.) and load (or read from) the serial transmitter (or receiver) buffer. Serialization of the data in the appropriate format is then handled by the hardware circuit. Timing/counter facilities. Many application of single-chip microcomputers require accurate evaluation o
22、f elapsed real time .This can be determined by careful assessment of the execution time of each branch in a program but this rapidly becomes inefficient for all but simplest programs .The preferred approach is to use timer circuit that can independently count precise time increments and generate an
23、interrupt after a preset time has elapsed .This type of timer is usually arranged to be reloadable with the required count .The timer then decrements this value producing an interrupt or setting a flag when the counter reaches zero. Better timers then have the ability to automatically reload the ini
24、tial count value. This relieves the programmer of the responsibility of reloading the counter and assessing elapsed time before the timer restarted ,which otherwise wound be necessary if continuous precisely timed interrupts were required (as in a clock ,for example).Sometimes associated with timer
25、is an event counter. With this facility there is usually a special input pin ,that can drive the counter directly. Timing components. The clock circuitry of most microcomputers requires only simple timing components. If maximum performance is required,a crystal must be used to ensure the maximum clo
26、ck frequency is approached but not exceeded. Many clock circuits also work with a resistor and capacitor as low-cost timing components or can be driven from an external source. This latter arrangement is useful is external synchronization of the microcomputer is required. WORDS AND TERMS culmination
27、 n.顶点 spilt adj.分离的 volatile n. 易变的 commit v.保证 albeit conj.虽然 custom adj.定制的 variant adj.不同的 piggy-back adj.背负式的 socket n. 插座 B:PLC1 PLCs (programmable logical controller) face ever more complex challenges these days . Where once they quietly replaced relays and gave an occasional report to a corpo
28、rate mainframe, they are now grouped into cells, given new job and new languages, and are forced to compete against a growing array of control products. For this years annual PLC technology update ,we queried PLC makers on these topics and more . Programming languages Higher level PLC programming la
29、nguages have been around for some time ,but lately their popularity has mushrooming. As Raymond Leveille, vice president & general manager, Siemens Energy &Automation .inc; Programmable controls are being used for more and more sophisticated operations, languages other than ladder logic become more
30、practical, efficient, and powerful. For example, its very difficult to write a trigonometric function using ladder logic .Languages gaining acceptance include Boolean, control system flowcharting, and such function chart languages as Graphcet and its variation .And theres increasing interest in lang
31、uages like C and BASIC. PLCs in process control Thus far, PLCs have not been used extensively for continuous process control .Will this continue? The feeling that Ive gotten, says Ken Jannotta, manger, product planning, series One and Series Six product ,at GE Fanuc North America ,is that PLCs will
32、be used in the process industry but not necessarily for process control. Several vendors -obviously betting that the opposite will happen -have introduced PLCs optimized for process application .Rich Ryan, manger, commercial marketing, Allen-bradley Programmable Controls Div., cites PLCss increasing use such industries as food ,chemicals ,and petroleum. Ryan feels there are two types of applications in which theyre appropriate. one, he says, is where the size of the process control system thats being automated doesnt justi
