1、测控技术与仪器专业英语111Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of information ”;the aspect of gathering info
2、rmation is one of the most essential aspects of measurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的
3、同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of m
4、easurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。A second aspect of measurement is that it must be selective .It may only provide information about what we wish to meas
5、ure (the measurand) and not about any other of the many states or phenomena around us .测量的第二个方面,它必须被选择,只能提供有关我们所希望的那样进行测量测量),而不是对任何其他的许多州或现象在我们身边。This aspect too is a necessary but not sufficient aspect of measurement .Admiring a painting inside an otherwise empty room will provide information about
6、 only the painting ,but does not constitute a measurement.这相位也是必须的,但并非任何足够的测量方面.Admiring一幅画在一个否则空房间会提供信息,只有这幅画作,但不构成测量。A third and necessary aspect of measurement is that it must be objective .The outcome of the measurement must be independent of an arbitrary observer .Each observer must extract the
7、 same information from the measurement and must come to the same conclusion .This, however ,is almost impossible for an observer who uses only his/her senses .Observations made with our senses are highly subjective .Our sense of temperature ,for example , depends strongly on any sensation of hot or
8、cold preceding the measurement .第三个和必要的方面,它必须被测量,结果客观测量必须独立于任意观测器提取每观察者必须之测相同的信息,必须得出了相同的结论。这,然而,几乎不可能一个观察人士只使用他/她的感官感觉是我们.Observations我们高度主观的感觉,例如,取决于温度有任何感觉热或冷的measuremen前。This is demonstrated by trying to determine the temperature of a jug of water by hand .If the hand is first dipped in cold wat
9、er, the water in the jug will feel relatively warm ,whereas if the hand is first dipped in warm water ,the water in the jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real
10、world around us which we cannot observe at all (e.g. magnetic fields) .or only poorly (e.g. extremely low temperatures or high-speed movement) .In order to guarantee objectivity of a measurement we must therefore use artefacts (tools or instruments).这是证明了在调查里面的水的温度用手,如果手先用冷水浸泡到瓶子里的水会感到相对的温暖,而若手第一蘸温水
11、、水到瓶子里会感觉比较冷。除了我们观察的主体性,我们人类的观察家们也不识字而事实有许多州或者现象在现实世界中,我们不能遵守我们周围磁场(如只poorl支)。The task of these instruments is to convert the state or phenomenon under observation into a different state or phenomenon that cannot be misinterpreted by an observer .In other words, the instrument converts the initial o
12、bservation into a representation that all observers can observe and will agree on .这些仪器的任务是把国家或现象观察进入一种不同的国家或现象,不能被误解被观察者。换句话说,仪器将最初的观察到任何观测者都表示会同意能封锁。For the measurement instruments output ,therefore ,objectively observable output such as numbers on an alpha-numerical display should be used rather
13、than subjective assessment of such things as colour ,etc. Designing such instruments ,which are referred to as measurement systems ,is the field of (measurement) instrumentation.用来测量仪器的输出,因此,客观观察的输出如数字显示alpha-numerical应使用而不是主观评价诸如色彩,等。设计这样的仪器都被称为量测系统,域(计量仪表。In the following ,we will define measureme
14、nt as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement results ,concerning characteristics ,states or phenomena (the measurand )of the world that surrounds us, observed with the aid of measurement systems (instruments ).The measurement system in this context must guarantee the required desc
15、riptiveness ,the selectivity and the objectivity of the measurement .在下面,我们将定义测量信息获取的测量结果不确定度的形式,对特征、国家或现象(世界上进行测量在我们周遭,观察与援助的测量系统(仪器测量系统,在此背景下,必须保证所需的descriptiveness,选择性和客观性的测量。We can distinguish two types of information :information on the state ,structure or nature of a certain characteristic ,so
16、-called structural information ,and information on the magnitude, amplitude or intensity of a certain characteristic ,so-called metric information .The acquisition of structural information is called a qualitative measurement ,the acquisition of metric information is called a quantitative measuremen
17、t .If the nature of the characteristic to be measured is not (yet) known ,it must be determined first by means of a qualitative measurement .This can then be followed by a quantitative measurement of the magnitude of the respective characteristic.我们能区分出两种类型的信息:信息对国家、结构或自然的一个特定的特点,所谓的结构信息、信息在大小、振幅或强度
18、一定的特点,所谓的度量信息,获得结构信息被称为定性测量、获取信息度量称为定量测量。如果性质测量特点,还不知道的,它必须实现2 Measurement Theory In the previous section we have seen that measurements from the essential link between the empirical world and our theoretical ,abstract image of the world .This concept forms the basis of a theory of measurement .In t
19、his theory a measurement result is considered to be a representation of the actual empirical quantity .Measurement theory treats measurements as a mapping of elements of a source set belonging to the empirical domain space (see Fig .1.1 ) onto the elements of an image (or outcome ) set which is part
20、 of the abstract range (or image ) space .在上一节中我们已经看到,测量来自必要的联系,我们的经验世界理论、抽象形象的世界。这观的基础上测量理论。理论,讨论了测量结果被认为是代表了实际经验数量.Measurement理论对测量数据元素的地图源设置属于实证域空间(见图.1.1的元素上一幅图像(whi)或结果。The quantity to be measured (the measurand ) is an element of the source set .For instance ,in the electrical domain we measur
21、e electrical current (source set ) but only within a certain range of magnitude (elements). The result of the measurement process is abstract ;it forms an element of the image set in the abstract range space . 测量的量进行测量)是一种元素的源设置情况,因为在电领域受到我们测量电流)但只有在一定范围内的大小(原理)。测量过程的结果是抽象的,它形成了一个元素的抽象的图像范围空间。For ex
22、ample, the magnitude of the electrical current to be measured in the above example is (by measurement ) assigned a certain number (element ) out of the set of real numbers (image set ).例如,电流的大小来衡量在上面的例子中(通过测量)分配一定数量(元素)从套真实数字(图像)。In other words ,the elements of the source set are empirical character
23、istics of States and phenomena of the world around us ; the elements of the image set are symbols of the abstract image set of symbols . The symbols can be numbers (quantitative measurements ) but can also be ,for example ,names (quantitative measurements ).换句话说,元素的来源是实证特点设置状态和我们周围的世界的现象;要素的图像的抽象符号图
24、像集象徵。符号可以是数字(定量测量),还可以为例,定量测量)名字。Restricting the definition of measurement further , measurement theory states that measurement is the mapping of elements from an empirical source set onto elements of an abstract image set according to a particular transformation function . The transformation functi
25、on consists of the assignment algorithms , results or procedures that define the representation of empirical quantities by abstract symbols .限制测量的定义进一步、测量理论认为测量测绘的要素,从实证源固定在抽象的图像元素根据特定的转换功能。转换函数由任务的算法,结果或程序确定表示的实证数量由抽象符号。In practice the assignment algorithm , rule or procedure is implemented by the
26、employed measurement system. The measurement system therefore determines the representation . As stated earlier , this representation must be done in a description ,objective and selective way . Thus , the image set must consist of elements (measurement outcomes ) which are abstract symbols with a u
27、nique meaning about which , by definition , all observers agree .在实践中,分派算法、规则、程序是由受雇测量系统实施。测量系统因此决定表示。如前所述,这些表示都被做以描述、客观、有选择的。因此,对图像集必须包含的元素(测量结果),有抽象符号具有独特的意义,被定义,所有的观察家们也一致。A measurement must be descriptive .In measurement theory this is described in terms of set theory :the relations that exist b
28、etween the elements of the source set must be maintained under the transformation in the image set ,for example ,larger than , equal to and smaller than .一个测量必须描述了在测量理论从集理论存在的关系成分之间的源设置下必须保持对图像集的转型中,例如,“比”、“等于和小于”。The set of relations between the elements of the source set is referred to as the rela
29、tional system (of the source set ).之间的关系的来源的元素将被称为关联系统(的源套)。This empirical relational system determines the structure of the source set . Likewise ,an abstract relational system determines the structure of the image set (for instance ,the set of relational that apply to the set of integer numbers ).
30、 A measurement (representation ) is now called descriptive if the relational system or structure of the empirical source set is invariant under the transformation (measurement ) . 本实证关系系统确定源的结构。同样地,抽象的关系系统确定图像的结构(例如,关系,适用于整数的数字)。测量(表示)现在称为描述性如果关系系统或结构变化设置经验主义来源转换(下测量)。The measurement only represents
31、 that which is measured if the two relational systems are identical ; otherwise information is lost in the mapping . An example is measuring with a very low resolution ; two different current magnitudes are mapped onto the same outcome , and are indistinguishable from each other .测量测量只代表了,如果两个关系系统都是
32、相同的,否则资料遗失在映射。一个例子是测量一个非常低分辨率;两个不同电流大小映射到相同的结果,与对方。Unit2 Measurement of Physical Quantity物理量测量The physical quantities listed bellow are often used in test and measurement technology .The first 2 are commonly called as electrical quantities and the other are commonly called as electricalparameters .U
33、sually the sensors receive the information of quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned ,and then converted into the electrical quantities ,specially the current ,and sent to the A/D converters . 如下所示的物理量的常被用于测试和测量技术,第2通常被称为电子数量和其他通常被称为电气参数。通常传感器接收信息清单Q
