1、英语基础知识复习资料专题一 句子成分1.主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。He laughed.Swimming is interesting.拓展：He laughs best who laughs last. （人称代词和关系代词）Swimming is interesting. （动名词作主语）His words are true. （名词作主语）What he said is true. （主语从句）2.谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。He is lying on the ground. （动词作谓语,表示：主语状态）拓展：He is crying now. （谓
2、语动词：现在进行时）I have seen the movie before. （谓语动词：现在完成时）3.宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。I love English.拓展：I love him. （代词作宾语）I love dancing. （动名词作宾语）I want to see you. （不定式作宾语）I believe your words. （名词作宾语）I believe what you said. （从句，即宾语从句）4.宾补：补充、说明宾语的成分。He gradually found English interesting.We all choose him monit
3、or.拓展：He gradually found English interesting. （形容词）We all choose him monitor. （名词）The hotel makes me at ease. （介词短语）The teacher told me to leave at once. （不定式）Can you see the girl dancing over there? （现在分词）I saw the boy taken to the office. （过去分词）怎么辨别“主谓宾宾”和“主谓宾宾补”？宾语和宾补之间其实是主谓关系。He calls me uncle.I
4、 am his uncleI saw him taken away.He was taken away.I found him in the room.He was in the room.而两个宾语之间不存在主谓关系：He gave me a book.不能理解为：*I am a book.5.表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分,位于系动词后面。He is a teacher.He is tired.拓展：He is a teacher. (名词)My hobby is swimming. (动名词)He looks nice. (形容词)My suggestion is that yo
5、u start at once. (表语从句)表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？“是”:be, prove, turn out; remain; stay; keep; “变得”：become, get, turn, go, fall; “感官”:feel, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, appear系动词具有哪些特征呢？后面通常跟形容词不跟副词。比较：She looks beautiful. She sings beautifully.不用被动形式。错误：The dish is tasted delicious.正确：The dish taste
6、s delicious.错误：Tasted nice, the dish was eaten up quickly.正确：Tasting nice, the dish was eaten up quickly.6.定语：修饰制名词的成分。He is a careful driver.拓展：Our chemistry teacher put a kind of chemical substance on the desk. （名词；形容词）He is a careful driver. （形容词）He is a driver who drives carefully. （定语从句）I know
7、the boy wearing a jacket. （现在分词短语）I like the boy who is wearing a jacket. （定语从句）I like the books written by Lu Xun. （过去分词短语）I like the books that were written by Lu Xun. （定语从句）7.状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。I visited the Great Wall yesterday. (时间状语)拓展：He studies hard. (副词)He could dance at the age of seven. (
8、介词短语)He could dance when he was seven. (从句)I am sorry for coming late. (介词短语)I am sorry because I am late. (从句)8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短语或名词性从句。I am Li Hua, Chairman of the Students Union. （名词作同位语）The fact that the earth moves around the sun is well-known. （同位语从句作同位语）拓展：Yesterday I met Tom, a friend o
9、f mine. (名词短语)We students should respect teachers. (名词短语)Longhu Lake, the largest lake in Henan, attracts many visitors every year. (名词短语)He made a promise that he would give me a bike on my birthday. ( 同位语从句)判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个be成立，则二者为同位关系。9.插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。Reading will, no doubt, e
10、nlarge your vocabulary.拓展：Generally/ In general/ Generally speaking, the more you eat, the fatter you will be.To make matters worse, he failed again.Reading, no doubt, can broaden our horizons.插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。专题二 简单句1.简单句：只有一个主语部分和谓语部分的句子叫简单句。有五大基本句型：主谓：He left.主谓宾：He left
11、Beijing.主谓宾宾：He left his son a large fortune.主谓宾宾补：The earthquake left many people homeless.主系表：He is tall.“系表”结构也叫谓语部分。拓展：不难看出：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。2.省略句在口语中，上文已经出现的信息或者谈话双方都知道的信息不必重复；这就形成了省略句。下面的句子属于哪种句型？ Good idea! Good morning! Sounds great! How clever! Any other questions? Stand up!【答案】“主系表”，前面省略了I
12、t is a“主系表”，前面省略了It is a“主系表”，前面省略了It“主系表”，后面省略了you are“主谓宾”，前面省略了Do you have“主谓”，前面省略了YouTest 1 压缩句子找句子主干；判断简单句的“五大基本句型”。1. The naughty boy, after hearing the news, left angrily. 2. Li Hua, chairman of the Students Union, gave a wonderful speech yesterday. 3. My dear mother, to my surprise, bought
13、me an expensive bike on my birthday. Test 2 单句改错语法规则：一个句子必须有一个谓语动词。“群龙不可无首！1. My computer on the desk. 2. Today Monday. 3. Look! The girl dancing over there. 4. That book written by Lu Xun. 5. My school near my home. 【答案】puter后加is；2.Today后加is；3.girl后加is；4.book后加was；5.school后加is。Test 3 单句改错语法规则：一个句子不
14、能超过一个谓语动词。“一山不容二虎”！1. Learn English is hard. 2. Play basketball is my hobby. 3. I want see you. 4. I am like English.【答案】1.LearnLearning；2.PlayPlaying；3.seeto see； 4. am 重要的事情说三遍：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。拓展：【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes.【正】Today being Sunday, . 【误】Weather permits, we will pay a vis
15、it to the park.【正】Weather permitting, . 【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls.【正】There are fifty students in our class, half of them being girls.【误】Class was over, all the students went home.【正】Class being over,【误】Their homework had been finished, they went home.【正】Their h
16、omework finished,以上由“名词+非谓语动词”结构，叫独立主格结构。专题三 复合句I.两个或多个简单句，由连词连接起来的后组成的句子叫复合句。II.由并列连词and； but；yet；or；for(因为)；so(所以)；while（而）连接的两个或多个句子，叫并列复合句；简称并列句。He likes English but/and/while I like Chinese.He put on his clothes and went out.III.由从属连词hen；while（当时）；what；because；as；since；after；even if；before；unti
17、l；although；though等连接的两个或多个句子，叫从属复合句。I have lived in China since I was born. （时间状语从句）Because it rained yesterday, many students were absent. （原因状语从句）This is the best film that I have ever seen. (定语从句)拓展：为什么两个句子要有连词连接？逗号表示停顿，没有连接作用；当然，分号、破折号可以连接两个句子。【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes.【正】Today is S
18、unday, so/and .（并列句）【正】Because today is Sunday,.（原因状语从句）【误】Weather permits, we will pay a visit to the park.【正】If weather permits, （条件状语从句）【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls.【正】There are fifty students in our class, and(并列句)【正】There are fifty students in our class, half
19、 of whom are girls. 【误】Class was over, all the students went home.【正】Class was over, and/so（并列句）【正】Because class was over, all the students（原因状语从句）构句原则：如果没有连词连接，逗号不能连接两个简单句。专题四 谓语动词和非谓语动词谓语动词非谓语动词形式（时态和语态）功能形式功能do/ does充当谓语。to doto be doneto be doingto have doneto have been done充当谓语之外的成分：主语；宾语； 定语；状
20、语；补语；表语；同位语；插入语。be doingwill dowould dohave donehad donedoingbeing donehaving donehaving been donewill be doingwill be donehas been donehad been donedoneTest 1语法填空1. Look! The girl _(go) upstairs. 2. Look! Can you see the girl _(go) upstairs?3. The books _(write) by Lu Xun. 4. I like the books _(wri
21、te) by Lu Xun.【答案】1.is going 2.going 3.were written 4.written解题策略：一个简单句如果没有谓语动词，则一定填谓语动词形式；如果有谓语动词，则填非谓语动词。Test 2翻译练习1.这个孩子正在睡觉。2.这个孩子假装正在睡觉。3.老师发现这个孩子正在睡觉。4.这个问题正在讨论中。5.我们都在关注正在讨论中的这个问题。6.演讲比赛明天在我校举行。7.我想要请您参加明天在我校举行的演讲比赛。Keys1.The child is sleeping.2.The child pretended to be sleeping.3.The teache
22、r found the child sleeping.4.The question is being discussed.5.All of us are concerned about the question being discussed.6.The speech contest will be held in your school tomorrow.7.I would like to invite you to attend the speech contest to be held in our school tomorrow专题五 非谓语动词非谓语动词充当谓语之外的成分。I.作主语
23、。Doing +谓语部分：Learning English is easy.To do+谓语部分：To learn English is easy.It is + adj. + to do：It is easy to learn English.It is no use doing：It is no use crying over spilt milk.II.作宾语。表示未来动作用to do。下面动词后常跟不定式：agree 同意做choose 宁愿做remember 记住去做regret很遗憾要做expect 期待做offer 主动提出做plan 计划做stop停下来去做pretend 假装
24、要做promise 答应做refuse 拒绝做wish 希望做decide 决定做prepare 准备做want 想要做try试图做determine 决心做afford 负担得起做manage 设法做成afford 负担得起做hesitate 做犹豫remember记得要过表示过去动作用doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：escape逃脱admit承认做remember记得做过regret做了后悔forget做过但忘了appreciate感激做miss错过做表示经常性的动作、或者发生时间不太明确的动作也用doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：give up放弃做stop停止做risk冒险做fini
25、sh完成做delay推迟做enjoy喜爱做imagine想象做avoid避免做keep继续做suggest /advise建议做recommend 建议做permit/allow 允许做mind 介意做consider 考虑做try尝试表示正在进行的动作用to be doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：pretend假装happen碰巧seem似乎III.作定语。 表示未来动作to do：I have many questions to ask. 表示未来的被动动作to be done：There are many problems to be solved. 表示正在进行的动作doing：Do
26、 you know the boy singing in the next room? 表示正在进行的被动动作being done：The problem being discussed now is very important. 表示经常性、或者发生时间不太明确的动作doing：She is dancing girl. 表示功能doing：Where is the nearest dancing hall？ 表示完成的动作done：The retired worker, lying on the fallen leaves, is drinking boiled water. 表示完成而且
27、被动的动作done：The problem discussed yesterday is very important.IV.作状语：表示未来动作to do多为目的状语：To go to a key university， he works very hard。 表示未来的被动动作to be done：To be accepted to a key university, he works hard. 表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作doing： Seeing the teacher, she blushed. Not knowing her number I wrote her
28、a letter. She went to school, singing cheerfully all the way. 表示正在进行的被动动作being done：Being interviewed by some reporters, I have no time to see you. 注意：如果done已经形容词化了，作状语时不可以being： Born and brought up in a rural area, he knows family very well. 表示完成的动作having done：Have you finished their homework, the
29、students went home. 表示完成而且被动的动作done或having been done： Encouraged by the teacher, he works even harder. Haing been encouraged by the teacher he works even harder.V.作补语：表示未来动作to do或do：advise sb. to建议allow sb. to允许ask sb. to 请（叫）beg sb. to请求cause sb. to导致drive sb. to驱使expect sb. to期望forbid sb. to禁止forc
30、e sb. to强迫get sb. to使（要）invite sb. to邀请permit sb. to允许persuade sb. to说服teach sb. to教tell sb. to告诉intend sb. to打算mean sb. to打算want sb. to想要wish sb. to希望remind sb. to提醒order sb. to命令have sb. do让make sb. do让let sb. do让注意：千万不要说hope/demand sb. to；expect，suppose，require多用于被动语态结构：be expected to do有望be supposed to应该be required to被要求 表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作doing：feel sb. doing感觉hear sb. doing听见listen to sb. doin
