1、8动词的被动语态和非谓语动词复习要点阐述今天我们复习动词的语态和非谓语动词，我们主要复习如下的内容：一动词的被动语态。二动词不定式。三动名词。四分词。一动词的被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。在初中阶段我们所学的句子绝大部分都是主动语态。今天我们主要复习被动语态，被动语态表示主语不是动作的执行者，而是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。（一）被动语态的构成1被动语态的基本结构：be动词过去分词2各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词do为例)时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/ do
2、esam/ is/ aredoneWe clean the classroom.The classroom is cleaned by us.一般过去时didwas/ weredoneHe made the kite.The kite was made by him.现在进行时am/ is/aredoingam/ is/ arebeing doneShe is watering flowers.Flowers are being watered by her.现在完成时have/hasdonehave/ hasbeen doneJim has finished the work.The wor
3、k has been finished by Jim.一般将来时will/ shall/ be going to dowill/ shall/ be going tobe doneThey will plant trees tomorrow.Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.过去进行时was/ weredoingwas/ werebeingdoneShe was writing a letter this time yesterday.A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.过去完成
4、时haddonehadbeendoneJim had finished the work.The work had been finished by Jim.过去将来时would/ should/ be going todowould/should/ be going todoHe said he would made a kite.He said a kite would be made by him.含有情态动词can/ may/ mustdocan/may/mustbedoneI can find him.He can be found by me.（二）被动语态的用法被动语态中主语是动
5、作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况1不知道动作的执行者是谁。e.g.This watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。2没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。e.g.More trees must be planted every year.每年必须有更多的树被种植。3需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。e.g.Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛)。4动作的发出者不是人时。e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood
6、.很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。（三）主动语态和被动语态的转换1主动语态变被动语态：（1）要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变主格。（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变宾格，并由by引导。（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。e.g.We asked him to sing an English song.我们让他唱一首英语歌。He was asked to sing an English song by us.他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。2带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可接直接宾语转化成主语。
7、若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。e.g.She gave me a book. (变为被动语态)I was given a book. (间接宾语me改为主语)A book was given to me. (育接宾语a book改为主语)3短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。e.g.We should speak to old men politely.
8、(变为被动语态)Old men should be spoken to politely. (to不可省略)4带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。e.g.I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.5被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词, 也称为感官动词，let、make、her
9、e等动词后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。e.g.He makes the girl stay at home.(改为被动结构)The girl is made to stay at home.Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句)They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.四句话：主语变成宾语；宾语变成主语；动词一分为二；时态体现在be动词上。（四）被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式1主动结构表被
10、动意义（1）open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。e.g.This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种笔写起来很流畅。This kind of shirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。（2）look、sound、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。e.g.Uniforms look ugly on us. 我们穿着制服很难看。Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼吃起来很好
11、。（3）be worth doing中，doing表被动意义。e.g.This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。（4）want/ need/ requiredoing相当于want/ need/ requireto be done。to be done表不定式的被动结构。e.g.My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理。（五）不用被动语态的情况1主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用于被动语态。e.g.The man introduced himself as
12、Mr. White. (主动语态)那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。Himself was introduced as Mr. White.(误)They help each other study English. (主动语态)他们互相帮助学习英语。Each other is helped study English. (误)2当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。e.g.We will have a meeting.我们将开一个会。3主动语态的宾语是动词不定式或-ing形式时，不能用作被动语态的主语。e.g.My brother enjoys watching TV.He
13、asked to have a try.他请求试一次。注意：解答被动语态题目时，首先要判断主语和动作的关系，如果主语是动作的执行者，则用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。二动词不定式英语中有些动词既表示动作，但又不能作谓语使用，这种动词称为“非谓语动词”。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式；-ing形式（称为动名词和现在分词）；过去分词。我们先复习动词不定式。1不定式的基本形式是“to动词原形”，或省略to用动词原形。在句中使用时不能作谓语，但可以和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。e.g.The mother wants her to read English every day.母亲
14、要她的儿子每天读英语。My mother asked me not to read in bed.我的母亲要求我不要躺在床上看书。2不定式的句法作用：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的作用，它可以作主语、宾语、宾补和状语。（1）作主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，Itbe形容词(for sb.)动词不定式e.g.To learn English well is useful.Its useful to learn English well.Its important for us to protect environment.注：当在kind, good, n
15、ice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。e.g.Its very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦。Its very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦!（2）作宾语e.g.He wants to go out with her.他想和她一起出去。注：一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望，如：would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。e.g.Would you like to see a film
16、 this evening?你今晚想去看电影吗?在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。e.g.I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很简单。（3）宾语补足语：动词不定式作宾补时，它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机(他关小收音机)注：动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词see, watch, hear, feel等词后作宾补时，常省去不定式符号to。had better, would r
17、ather后的不定式也不带to，help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening.她母亲要她每天晚上都写作业。Lets see the dolphins. 我们去看海豚吧。I hear her sing every day. 我听见她每天都唱歌。Youd better do homework first.你最好先做作业。但make, see, hear等词在被动语态中，其后的不定式要带to。e.g.She was heard to speak English.有人听到她说英语。（4）作定语动词不定式作
18、定语时，应放在名词之后，它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。e.g.I have a lot of homework to do.我有许多家庭作业要做。(做家庭作业)There is nothing to worry about. 没什么要担心的。（5）作状语e.g.Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter. (目的)王女士去上海看望她的女儿。Were glad to meet you here. (原因)我们很高兴在这里见到你。He is too tired to work on. (结果)他太累了，不能继续工作了。3不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加
19、not。e.g.They told us not to play basketball too long.他们告诉我们不要打太长时间的篮球。Youd better not go to bed late. 你最好不要睡觉太晚。4不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。e.g.The teacher is telling the students what to do.老师正告诉同学们做什么。He didnt know where to go.他不知道去哪里。(where to go=where he should go)三动名词动名词由
20、“动词原形ing”构成，它具有名词和动词的特征，它起名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语，它也可以有自己的宾语和状语。1作主语e.g.Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Eating too much is bad for your health.吃太多对健康不好。2作宾语，动名词可作动词宾语，也可作介词宾语。e.g.I like playing basketball. 我喜欢打篮球。(动词宾语)Thank you for listening. (介词宾语)谢谢收听。注：有些动词或句型只能用动名词。（1）enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事e.g.I enjoy r
21、eading English loudly. 我喜欢大声读英语。（2）mind doing sth.和mind sbs doing sth.介意做某事，反对做某事e.g.Its hot. Would you mind opening the window?天很热。你介意打开窗户吗?Would you mind my smoking here?我在这吸烟你介意吗?（3）stop sb. from doing sth.和prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事Today, the forests have almost gone, people must _ down
22、many trees.(03安徽)Astop to cutBstop from cuttingCbe stopped to cutDbe stopped from cutting答案：D（4）practice doing sth. 练习做某事e.g.We should practice speaking English as often as possible.我们应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。（5）finish doing sth. 完成做某事Before 2008 we will finish _the Olympic Park. (05北京)AbuildBbuiltCbuilding Dt
23、o build答案：C（6）feel like doing sth.想要做某事e.g.He should do his homework now. But he doesnt feel like doing it.他现在应该做作业，但他不想做。（7）be used to doing sth.习惯做某事（=get used to doing sth.）e.g.He is used to getting up at six every day.他习惯于每天六点起床。（8）spend(in)doing sth.花费时间做某事e.g.Every day I spend three hours doin
24、g homework.我每天花三个小时做作业。（9）be worth doing sth.值得做某事e.g.The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。（10）have fun doing sth.和have a good time doing sth.尽情做某事，作某事很快乐e.g.They had fun climbing the mountain last Sunday.他们上周日爬山，玩的很愉快。（11）have trouble/ problem/ a hard time doing sth.做某事很困难e.g.He had a hard time speakin
25、g English in front of the class.他很难在全班同学面前说英语。（12）thank sb. for doing sth.因某事感谢某人e.g.Thank you for joining us.感谢你加入我们。四分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它们起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语，宾补，状语和表语。现在分词-ing，有主动、进行之意，过去分词-ed，有被动、完成之意。注意他们都有不规则形式。1作定语分词与中心词之间有动宾关系e.g.China is a developing country. Japan is a developed country.中国是一个发
26、展中国家，日本是一个发达国家。The boy named John is from America.那个叫约翰的男孩来自美国。2作宾语补足语e.g.I saw her watching TV last night.昨晚我看见她在看电视(现在分词)。You should have your hair cut.你该理发了。(have sth. done叫别人为你做某事)3作状语e.g.While watching TV, he smiled from time to time.看电视时，他不时地笑。They woke up the other family members, calling“Mer
27、ry Christmas!”他们喊着“圣诞快乐”，叫醒家里其他人。4作表语e.g.We are excited about the news.我们对那个新闻感到兴奋。The news is exciting.那个新闻令人兴奋。We are interested in the interesting story.我们对那个有趣的故事很感兴趣。现在分词表示“令人的”，主语一般是物；过去分词表示“感到的”，主语一般是人。e.g.He is surprised to hear the news. (过去分词)他听到那个消息很惊奇。The news is surprising.(现在分词)那个消息令人惊
28、奇。易混知识清单一动词后接不定式和动名词的区别有些动词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但意义不同，要注意区分(有些词如like, hate, love, start, begin等后接不定式和动名词意义差别不大)stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事Stop talking, please. 请不要讲话。Stop to think about it for a moment. 停下来想一想。remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(动作未发生)remember doing sth. 记得曾做过某事(动作已发生)e.g.I r
29、emember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。(信已寄出)Please remember to post my letter.请记住把我的信寄走。(信尚未寄出)forget to do sth.忘记未做某事(动作未发生)forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(动作已发生)e.g.I forgot to bring my homework.我忘记带作业了。(没带作业)I forgot bringing my homework.我忘记已把作业带来了。(作业已带来)try to do sth.努力去做某事try doing sth.试着去做某事e.g.He
30、tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们谈话。Please try to do better next time. 下次设法做得更好些。go on to do sth.做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事go on doing继续不停地做某事e.g.Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one.做完这个练习题后，接着做另一个练习题。Go on doing the exercise after a short rest.休息一会儿之后，我们继续做练习。allow doing sth.允许做某事allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事e.g.We dont allow smoking here. 我们不许在此吸烟。We dont allow students to go out on school days
