1、英语高考阅读理解专题分类指导2012英语高考阅读理解专题分类指导 马广谋 一事实细节题 高考命题聚焦(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Wanted，Someone for a KissWere looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.Youll work on the stations music programmes.Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance
2、music.Please apply(申请)in writing to Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100. Father ChristmasWere looking for a very special person，preferably over 40，to fill our Father Christmas suit.Working days：Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17 to December 24 except Sundays,103016
3、00.Excellent pay.Please contact(联系)the Enterprise Shopping Centre，Station Parade，Eastbourne.Accountants AssistantWhen you join the team in our Revenue Administration Unit，you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division，dealing with post and other general duties. If you are
4、educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you.This position is equally suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.Wealden District CouncilSoftware TrainerIf you are aged 2445 and have experience in teaching and training，you could be the person we are looking
5、 for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing.You will be allowed to make your own decisions，and to design courses as well as present them.Pay upwards of 15,000 for the right person.Please apply by sending your CV(简历)to Mrs ROglivie，Palmlace Limited.【语篇解读】本文是
6、一篇应用文，共列举了四则招聘广告。文中对应聘者的经验、年龄、工作时间、学历等方面都作了要求与说明。1Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?AProducer Vacancies，Kiss 100.BMrs Oglivie，Palmlace Limited.CThe Enterprise Shopping Centre.DWealden District Council.解析：细节理解题。本题与第一则广告的内容相关，当然应与Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100联系。答案：A
7、2We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who _.Ais aged between 24 and 40Bmay do some training workCshould deal with general dutiesDcan work for about a month解析：细节理解题。第二则广告中对应聘者的工作时间提出了要求，由Working days中提供的信息不难算出应聘者大约工作一个月的时间。A项提到的年龄与本广告中的不符；B项为第四则广告的信息；C项为第三则广告的信息。答案
8、：D3Which position is open to recent school graduates?AProducer，London Kiss.BFather Christmas.CAccountants Assistant.DSoftware Trainer.解析：细节理解题。只有第三则广告中提到了This position is equally suitable for a school leaver.，故选C项。答案：C4What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?AOne with GCSE grade
9、 C level.BOne with some office experience.COne having good computer knowledge.DOne trained in producing music programmes.解析：细节理解题。向Palmlace Limited提出申请是第四则广告的信息，故只有C项符合对应聘者提出的要求。A、B两项属于第三则广告中的信息；D项为第一则广告中的信息。答案：D核心考点突破一、题型特点细节理解题主要考查考生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，是高考阅读理解中占比例最大的一类题型。这类试题可以只针对文章中的某一个特定的细节进行考查，也可以对
10、文章中的若干细节进行考查，或针对文章中的某些事实细节进行图形、图表等模式的转化，考生要根据所学的词汇、语法、句型及上下文的语境做出合理的判断。分析多年的高考试题不难看出，阅读理解中的细节理解类题目的题干和选择项的设置基本上以原句改写或释义的形式出现，因此只要考生在原文中找到了相近或相同的语句，就找到了解题的依据。在其题目设置方式上则要注意以下四类题型：1以who，what，when，where，how等疑问词形式出现的直接信息型细节理解题；2推测文章中的词或短语的意思或对句意进行转化理解的题目；3对文章的具体信息进行排序、计算、进行图形识别及分类筛选的题目；4由according to the
11、 passage，from the passage等开头的考查某一具体细节的题目。二、设题形式1What does the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refer to?2Which of the following statements is true/not true/false according to the passage?3According to the passage，which of the following statements is TRUE?4All the details provided in the
12、passage are true except_.5Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?6Give/Choose the right order of the following events in the passage.高分秘笈1题干信息题直接定位特定信息查找是细节理解考查最基本的和浅层次的考查形式，为一般功能阅读的范畴，常见于广告、公告、演出信息、航班信息、科普短文等说明性文体，此类阅读不需要通读全文，采用直接根据题干在原文中查找的方法便可以快速解决。2词义、句意转换题跳读查找通常情况下，细节理
13、解题主要考查学生对原文中某个句子、某个句子中的一个短语或几个句子的理解，关键是能在原文中找到与题干内容相关的语句，然后进行比较对比，便可确定最佳答案。跳读查找答案是最常用的解决此类问题的方法，但是解题时要注意试题内容与原文的转换问题，因为所考查的题目很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，命题人对原文进行了一系列的处理，如同义转换、概念解析、事实归纳等，而对干扰项的设计也经常出现本身正确，但不符合题干要求，或者选项本身错误或原文无相关信息的情况；选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别信息描述不准确，这种选项的干扰性很强，是考生最容易出错的地方。3细节筛选题选项定位细节筛选是这几年经常考查的一个命题方
14、式，这类题目要求考生从选项中找出在某一方面与其他三个选项不同之处。此类型的题目一般比较简单，选项都在原文中提到过，考生只要在阅读中找到与原文一一对应的语句即可。关键是考生要注意命题者对表达的转化，从而灵活应对此类题目。4举例说明题瞻前顾后在通常情况下，原文中所列举的内容都会在试题的题干及选项中涉及，而对这些举例细节的考查可能就不再是其细节本身，而是举例要达到的目的，也就是要说明的问题。实际上，在这样的列举之前或之后都会出现说明性或总结性的语句，这样的句子既可能和某一段落相关，也可能与全文的大意相关。5细节排序题首尾定位这种试题考查事件或动作发生的先后顺序，可采用首尾定位法的思路来解决，即首先找
15、出第一个动作或事件及最后一个动作或事件，从而迅速缩小查找的范围，找出正确答案。二主旨大意高考命题聚焦 (2011年高考山东卷)Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and M
16、ichele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehic
17、le and guided it with his thoughts.“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，”Tavella says. “O
18、ur system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized
19、wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The pract
20、ical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit f
21、rom. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了Jose Millan和Michele Tavella利用Braincomputer interface(BCI)technology制作的由人的意念控制的轮椅以及其工作原理等。1. BCI is a technology that can_.A. help to update computer systemsB. link the human brain with computer
22、sC. help the disabled to recoverD. control a persons thoughts解析：细节理解题。由第一段中的.scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.可知选B。答案：B2. How did Tavella operate the wheelc
23、hair in the laboratory?A. By controlling his muscles.B. By talking to the machine.C. By moving his hand.D. By using his mind.解析：细节理解题。由第三段内容.Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoug
24、hts.可知选D。答案：D3. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A. scalpcomputercapwheelchairB. computercapscalpwheelchairC. scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD. capcomputerscalpwheelchair解析：细节理解题。由第五段前三句可知选C。答案：C4. The team will test with real patients to_.A. make profits from
25、 themB. prove the technology useful to themC. make them live longerD. learn about their physical condition解析：细节理解题。由最后一段中的 One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.可知选B。答案：B5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Switz
26、erland, the BCI Research CenterB. New Findings about How the Human Brain WorksC. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了BCI是如何帮助残疾人的。故选C。答案：C核心考点突破一、题型特点通过对近几年高考阅读理解类题目的分析可知，对文章主旨大意考查的题目占了相当大的比重，是重点考查的题型之一。通常它基于考生对整篇文章的
27、总体理解，而不是根据文章的某个句子和细节得出答案，因此考生在做这类题目时必须结合文章，在理解文章各个段落主题等的基础上进行概括，从而得出正确的答案。鉴于这些特点，主旨大意题是一个要求极高、错误率也相当高的题型，每篇文章都会围绕一个中心展开，而阅读的过程实际上就是迅速找到这个中心的过程，因此做题时学会必要的正确的解题思路和方法至关重要。二、设题形式1Main idea型：选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。题干多为如下形式：(1)Whats the main idea/point of the passage?(2)The passage is mainly about_.(
28、3)The passage is mainly concerned about_.(4)Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?(5)Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?2Main purpose型：选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到主要的写作目的，常见以下几种题干形式：(1)Whats the purpose of the passage?(2)The passage is meant t
29、o_.(3)The purpose of the article is to_.3标题型：选择文章标题是另一类对主旨大意题考查的形式，命题形式：(1)The best title of the passage is_.(2)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?(3)The best title for the passage is_.(4)The most appropriate title of the passage is_.高分秘笈一、提取文章主题句任何一篇文章都有其主题思想，有的呈现于文章中各个段落的开头或结尾
30、，通过某一句话加以概括，这就是通常所说的主题句。阅读中抓住文章或段落的中心句，这是最快捷的和行之有效的确定文章主旨的方法。阅读过程中要注意下面的一些常识性阅读技巧：1主题句在段落开头，其后则常常是对这种主题句的论证或说明，并且会出现一些诸如for example，first，second，on one hand，on the other hand等常见的信息提示词，阅读时要充分利用这些信息词去寻找需要的主题句信息。2主题句出现在段末。尽管大部分情况下我们可能是在段首找到主题句，也不能排除作者在段末呈现主题句的可能性。如果某种观点或主题比较复杂，需要用很多的事例先进行说明或解释，读者才能明白作者
31、的观点，此时则通常采用先列举事例，然后呈现主题观点的做法。以列举事例开头，经过论证，然后再给出文章的主题观点，这是另外一种文章主题的呈现方法。此时要注意一些总结性的词汇，如therefore，as a result，in conclusion，in short，as a consequence等。二、体会作者要表达的深层寓意和写作意图无论何种文章，作者在写作时都要表达自己的情感态度，对事物和事件的褒贬，对正义的赞美、对丑恶的鞭挞。这种写作意图的流露，向考生传递的这些信息或是为了娱乐，或者在讲述某种为人的道理。有时这种信息的表达并不是明确地表达出来，而是隐蔽于文字中，因此要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上领会作者的意图。三、明辨主题句与标题的区别，选择恰当标题文章标题位于文章之首，点明文章的主题，是文章内容的高度概括，因此它是文章中心思想的精练表达，其作用在于帮助读者迅速预测文章的大意，抓住文章的中心观点。标题的特点是高度概括，短小精悍，多为短语或短句，对整篇文章起到表率作用。选择文章标题要注意以下几点：1分清主题句与标题。主题句和标题虽然关系密切，但又有区别，因此找到了主题句不一定能找对标题，它需要考生根据主题句进行抽象，整合，然后才能找到标题；主题句在语法上是一个完整的
