1、动词（非谓语动词）,非谓语,不定式（to do),分词,动名词（-ing),过去分词(-ed),现在分词(-ing),-ing分词,-ed分词,动词不定式,1不定式做主语2不定式做表语3不定式做宾语4不定式做宾语补足语5不定式做定语6不定式做状语7不定式用法注意事项,1)不定式做主语时，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。,It took me only five minutes to finish the job.,完成那个任务花去了我五分钟。,It took me two hours to write my homework.,我花了两个小时用来写作业。,2)不定式做主语也可用
2、在下列结构 There seems/used/happened to be+主语,There used to be a lemon tree at the back of the yard.,院子后面以前有一棵柠檬树。,不定式做作主语时，可以用it做形式主语，将不定式后移，而采用“It is+形容词+不定式”的结构,brave careless clever considerate difficult easy foolish good hard helpful impolite important kind naughty necessary nice polite possible rig
3、ht rude silly stupid thoughtful wise wrong,例如：It is very difficult for him to finish the paper in such a short time.,在如此短的时间内完成试卷对他来说很难。,例如：It is hard to say who will laugh in the end.,还很难说谁能笑到最后。,不定式作表语通常表示预定要发生的动作，或表示未来的可能性和假设。,Alan was to have done it but he forgot.,阿伦原来打算做这件事但给忘了。,例外：作表语的不定式也可以说
4、明或解释主语的内容，此时不定式只作单纯的表语，不具有将来的含义。,（不定式动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，故用完成时）,I_ to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A.would like B.was to go C.had gone D.was to have gone,D,如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。(一致性),To do two things at a time is to do neither,一次做两件事等于未做。,To see is to belie
5、ve.,百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）,如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。,His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.,他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。,The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution.,最重要的事情是采取措施阻止污染,常见的只能用不定式
6、作宾语的动词(短语),afford（负担得起）agree（同意）aim（以.为目标）appear（似乎，显得）arrange（安排）ask（要求）aspire（渴望）attempt（企图）beg（恳求）believe（相信）bother（费神，劳驾）care（关心，喜欢）claim（声称）dare（敢于）decide（决定）demand（要求）desire（愿望）determine（决定）elect（作出选择，决定）enable（能够）engage（保证）expect（期望）fail（不能）guarantee（保证）happen（碰巧）hesitate（犹豫）hope（希望）intend（想要
7、，打算）,learn（学习）long（渴望）manage（设法）neglect（忽视）offer（提供）plan（计划）prepare（准备）pretend（假装）promise（承诺，允许）refuse（拒绝）seek（企图，寻觅）tend（倾向）threaten（威胁）trouble（费神，劳驾）undertake（承接，担任）venture（敢于，斗胆）volunteer（志愿）want（想要）wish（希望）,They begged to go with us.,他们恳求与我们同行。,You neednt bother to come yourself.,不必劳驾你亲自过来。,有些动词
8、可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。,advise/ask/consider/decide/discuss/find out/inquire/know/learn/regard/see/settle/show teach/tell/think/understand/wonder,Could you tell me whether to go for a picnic?,你能告诉我是否会去野餐吗？,My little sister is learning how to read and
9、 write.,My mother showed me how to prepare meals.,I wonder where to go.,我的小妹妹正在学习如何阅读和书写。,母亲向我演示了如何做饭。,我不知道去哪儿。,当不定式为直接宾语，且带有宾语补足语时，应将不定式置于补足语后面，而用it代替不定式作形式宾语,I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.,我发现在规定的时间内答完所有的问题是不可能的。,Some who were famous in their own times wou
10、ld find it difficult to achieve success today.,一些过去著名的人物在今天也许就难以成功。,常见的可用不定式做宾语补足语的动词（短语）,admit,advise,allow,appoint,arrange for,ask,assign,beg,believe,bind（责备）,call on,care for,cause,charge(命令),choose,command,consider,count on,dare,depend on,direct,drive,elect,empower,enable,encourage,entitle,expec
11、t,forbid,force,get,hate,help,impel,inspire,instruct,intend,invite,judge,like,long for,oblige,order,permit,persuade,pray,prefer,press,pretend,prove,recommend,rely on,remind,report,require,reveal,show,stimulate,suppose,teach,tell,think,train,trust,vote for,wait for,want,warn,wish,He advised me not to
12、buy it.,他劝我不要买它。,He forbids his son to smoke,他禁止他的儿子吸烟。,句子的谓语动词是某些感官动词和使役动词时，作宾语补语的不定式可以省去to。如果这些谓语动词为被动形式，则需要保留to。,I heard him lock the door.,我听到他锁门了。,What makes you think Im telling lies.,是什么使你认为我在说谎。,The boy was made to go to bed early.,那男孩早早的就睡觉了。(被动语态）,不定式修饰的名词前有only，last，next，not a，序数词或形容词最高级形
13、容时，该不定式与其所修饰的名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。,He was the last one to leave school yesterday.,昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。,Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.,查理林德伯格是第一个独自飞跃大西洋的人。,不定式与所修饰的名词逻辑上构成动宾关系时，该不定式后面不能再带宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，则需保留介词。,She has a lot of work to do in the morning.,早上他有很多工作要做。,I need a pen to wr
14、ite with.,我需要一支笔写字。（介词with不能省略）,在正式文体中通常使用“介词+whom/which+不定式”结构来做定语。whom和which分别代要修饰的人或物。,有些动词要求用不定式做宾语，有些形容词要求用不定式做补语，则它们相应的名词一般也常用不定式做定语。,ability，ambition，anxiety，attempt，claim，curiosity，decision，desire，determination，eagerness，failure，hope，impatience，intention，need，order，patience，plan，promise，refu
15、sal，resolution，tendency，wish,Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.,他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。,Now the need to learn foreign language is becoming greater and greater.,现在学习外语的必要性越来越大。,不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。即不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。,I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had tim
16、e to catch the last bus.,我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。,Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?,你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？,有些不定式做定语时，是用来说明被修饰名词的内容，相当于这个名词的表语。,Anxiety chance courage effort evidence flight means measures move movement opportunity plan position power reason right skill strengthstruggle,Great
17、er efforts to increase corn production must be made if bread shortage is to be avoided.,You have no reason to enter that building after dark.,天黑后你没有理由进入那座大楼。,不定式可以用来做目的状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导的目的状语。,Tim sat near the fire to get warm.,“为何召开这次特别会议？”“为了选举新的官员。”,蒂姆为了取暖坐在火炉旁边。,“To elect the new offi
18、cers(officials).”,“Why was the special meeting called?”,不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so+形容词/副词+as to引导。,Would you be so kind as to step this way,please?,请您从这边走好吗？,我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。,I tried the door,only to find it locked inside.,Im so angry as not to speak.,不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为
19、句子的主语。,In order to be a good scientist,one must understand mathematics.,要成为一个出色的科学家，必须懂数学。,例外：不定式的逻辑主语若与主句不同，通常由for引出逻辑主语。,The coffee was too hot for him to drink.,咖啡太烫了，他没法喝。,“too.to”也可用来做结果状语，后面的不定式常含有否定含义。但这个结构有不少变体则表示肯定含义。,but too.to never too.to not too.to only too.to（非常）too apt to（易于）too eager
20、 to（渴望）too ready to（非常乐意）too.to（太.以至于不能）too.not to,It is never too late to mend.,亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。,Im(only)too glad to see you again.,非常高兴再次见到你。,He is too careful not to have noticed it.,他那么细心，不会注意不到这一点的。,不定式常用于作表语的形容词后面表示结果或原因。,able/afraid/apt/careful/certain/clever/difficult/eager/easy/fit/happy/interest
21、ing/likely/lucky/ready/right/sorry/sure/unable/unwilling,Be careful not to frighten the horse by whipping it.,不要鞭打马，小心惊吓到它。,不定式可以用来做原因状语。,She smiled to see the students so happy.,看到学生们这么高兴她笑了。,不定式可以用来做方式状语。,He opened his mouth wide as if to speak.,他张开嘴像是要说些什么.,(=She smiled because she saw the studen
22、ts so happy.),(=He opened his mouth wide as if he would speak.),常见的后面只接省略to 的不定式的结构。,cannot but（只得）cannot help but（不得不，只得）had better（最好还是）had rather（宁愿）may(just)as well（还是.的好）must(just)as well（幸好）rather than（而不是）why not（为什么不）would rather（宁愿）would sooner（宁愿）would you please（请您.）,He couldnt but accept
23、 the terms.,他只得接受这个条款。,没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。,There is nothing to do,so I may as well go to bed.,do nothing/anything/everything.but/except结构中要跟不带to的不定式。,Last night I did nothing but watch TV.,昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。,I have done nothing except do what I should.,我只能做我应该做的事。,There was nothing for them to do bu
24、t to remain silent.(),T,医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。,The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.,不定式的进行式表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，它只有主动形式“to be doing”，没有被动形式。,When the boss came in,Pauline happened to be calling her mother.,老板进来的时候，波林正在和妈妈打电话。,不定式的完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词之前，其主动形式为“to have done”，被动形式为“to have been done”。,
25、I am glad to have received your letter.,收到你的来信我很高兴。,（to have received发生在am glad之前）,在have no choice but后要跟带to的不定式，解释为“别无选择，只好做.”,在某些动词如pretend，intend，mean，plan等后面使用不定式的完成式可以表示过去想做而未做成的事。,牛顿原计划解决那个问题，却未能做到。,Newton planned to have solved the problem,but failed to do so.,-ing分词,1-ing分词做主语2-ing分词做表语3-ing
26、分词做宾语4-ing分词做宾语补足语5-ing分词做定语6-ing分词做状语7-ing分词用法注意事项,-ing分词作主语时也常用于there be no+-ing分词的结构中，相当于It is impossible to do sth，意思为“做.是不可能的”。,-ing分词做表语具有主动的概念，一般用来描述某人或某事物的性质，解释为“令人.”。,convincing（令人信服的）delighting（令人高兴的）disappointing（令人失望的）embarrassing（令人窘迫的）encouraging（令人鼓舞的）exciting（令人激动的）interesting（令人有趣的）
27、moving（令人感动的）puzzling（令人费解的）refreshing（令人提神的）satisfying（令人满意的）surprising（令人惊异的）worrying（令人担心的）,例如：The argument is very convincing.,例如：It feels quite refreshing to take a bath after work.,工作之后洗个澡让人觉得非常清新。,-ing分词做表语可以用来说明或解释主语，这时的-ing分词相当与动名词。,例如：Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding t
28、he twentieth.,毅力就是失败了十九次以后的第二十次胜利。,常见的只能接-ing分词作宾语的动词（短语）,accede to（答应）adapt to（适应）acknowledge（承认，自认）admit(to)（承认）advise（建议）advocate（提倡，主张）agree to（同意）allow amount to（意味着，实际上是）apply to（适用于）anticipate appreciate（感激，欣赏）approve of（同意）avoid bar（禁止）be accustomed to（习惯于）be afraid of（害怕）be fond of（喜欢）be go
29、od at（擅长）be intent on（专心于）be interested in（感兴趣）be opposed to（反对的）,be similar to（相似）be sick of（厌恶）be successful in（成功）be tired of（厌倦）be worried about（不开心）bring to（苏醒）cant help（禁不住）cant resist（禁不住）cant stick（难以忍受）confess to（承认）consider（考虑）contribute to（有助于）count on（依靠）delay（延迟）deny（否认）depend on（决定于）do
30、ubt（怀疑）endure（忍受）enjoy（享有，喜爱）escape（逃跑，逃避）excuse（原谅）fall to（开始）fancy（幻想，爱好）favor（造成，偏爱）feel like（想要）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）get round to（腾出时间来做）get to（到达）give up（放弃）,have difficulty(in)（在某方面有困难）have trouble(in)（在.有困难）hold off（拖延）imagine（设想）include insist on（坚持）involve（卷入，包含）justify keep（继续不断）leave off（停
31、止）look forward to（期望）mention（说到，讲到）mind（介意）miss（错过，逃过）necessitate（使必要）object to（反对）overlook（忽略）own to（承认）permit（允许）postpone（延迟）practise（实行，实践）persist in（坚持）prevent（阻止）prohibit（禁止）put off（推迟）quit（放弃，停止）recall（回想）recollect（回想）recommend（建议）rely on（依靠）report（报道）resent（怨恨）,resist（抵抗，阻止）resort to（求助）respo
32、nd to（答复）resume（恢复）risk（冒险）save（免得）see to（照料，注意）stand（坚持，忍受）succeed in（获得成功）suggest（建议）take to（开始从事）testify to（证明）think about（考虑）think of（考虑）turn to（求助于）understand worry about（担心）,例如：I must admit to feeling ashamed.,我必须承认感到了羞耻。,例如：Nor do we doubt being able to finish the work ahead of time.,我们没有人怀疑可
33、以提前完成任务。,-ing分词可以作介词的宾语。,After turning over on his couch more than a dozen times,he gave up his attempt to sleep.,他在床上翻来覆去十多次之后，放弃了睡觉的企图。,如果你今晚不能来，明天怎么样？,If you cant come tonight,how about coming tomorrow?,-ing分词做宾语补足语时，宾语补足语与宾语之间是主动关系。常见的可以带-ing分词作宾语补足语的动词有,bring（引起）catch（碰上）discover（发现）feel（感觉到）find get have hear（听见）help keep（使连续做）leave（使.处于某种状态）like listen to（听到）look at（看着）notice（发现）observe（看见）
