1、文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析完整版DefinitionChapter11.Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. Besides, it is directly related to literary interpretation, and make use of linguistic facts and theory. Chapter2：2. Style as deviance refers to the distinctive
2、ness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal. p13The phrase “a grief ago” from a poem of that name by Dylan Thomas. It violates two rules of English: a) the indefinite article a clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief; b) t
3、he post modifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief. The highly deviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention from the reader to itself, and thus makes it possible for the poet to express what cannot be expressed through the normal use of language.（汪洁） 3. By style as ch
4、oice is meant that style results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language. . In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats first produced the line, “As though a rose should close and be a bud again”. But when he re-read the line,
5、 he substituted the word shut for close:” As though a rose should shut and be a bud again”4. The view of style as foregrounding is a further view of style which appears to be a compromise between view of style as deviance and view of style as choice. The term foregrounding is a concept of pictorial
6、arts, referring to that part of the composition that appears to be closest to the view. . P19!When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,And when he cried the little children died in the streets. . Auden, Epitaph on a Tyrant) Auden could have chosen a different structure for each line
7、, yet he limited himself to the same option. The parallel structure here draws the attention of the reader and makes him see the sematic connection between the two lines. This is a type of foregrounding.（汪洁）Chapter 35. Grammetrics: the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units s
8、uch as lines and stanzas. Is Just to SayI have eaten(the plumsthat were inthe ice-boxand which,you were probablysaving for breakfastForgive me）they were deliciousso sweet and so cold It creates a pulling-forward effect. In one line, although the verb eat can either take an object or not, the absence
9、 of punctuation at the end of the line makes us expect one. Thus we are driven forward to the second line where our expectation is satisfied.(章嫣羚)|6. Affixation: is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language. P46And I Tiresias have foresuffered all. The nonce
10、word foresuffered is coined by adding the prefix fore- to the item suffer. The prefix fore- conveys the meaning beforehand and is normally reserved for joining with such items as see, tell and warn. The novel use here, according to Leech, encapsulates a newly formulated idea: it is possible to antic
11、ipate mystically the suffering of the future, just as it is possible to foresee and foretell or to have foreknowledge of the future events.(章嫣羚)7. Graphology: the encoding of meaning in visual symbols. deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology, such as the shape of the text, the type of prin
12、t, grammetrics, punctuation, in-dentation, etc. Thematic-fronting8. Marked theme: The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme. The rest of clause elements might be put in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore c
13、alled a “marked “ theme.E,g. P40My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (Dickens, David Copper field)./ In the second sentence, two objects-talent and capital were placed in t
14、he front of each clause. The function of the unusual clause theme seems to be three-fold: a) it neatly knits the paragraph together and is thus a powerful device of textual cohesion,b) it serves to form a contract in meaning between the two parallel clauses, c) it gives much emphasis to the two word
15、s shifted to the initial position.（屈静华）9. compounding: compounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one. N E, While I, joy-jumping, empty-eyed sang on the day my father died.( Edwin Brook) In this sentence, joy-jumping is a compound made up on the pattern of noun + “
16、ing” participle. This word coined from the idiom “ jump for joy” which means “jump because of joy”. The day when “my” father died cannot be a happy day. Therefore, the extension of the compound rule here on an idiom makes the situation describes in the poem much more ironical. The word empty-eyed is
17、 also a compound. It means “on the day my father died” “ there are no tears in my eyes”. Here, the ironical effect is further reinforced and developed.（屈静华）10. Aphesis: the omission of an initial part of a word./E,g.Thou on whose stream, mid the steep skys commotion,Loose clouds like earths decaying
18、 leaves are shed, . Shelley, Ode to the West Wind)The complete form of mid in the line is amid.（夏莹）:11. Apocope: the omission of a final part of a word.E,g.Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun I will love thee still, my dear,! While the sands o life shall run. (Robert Bur
19、ns, A Red, Red Rose)Here ,Burns has used a for all ,wi for with and o for of.（夏莹）12. Conversion: which is often described as zero affixation, is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form.*E,g.“Ill Golden Bull you, you rascal!” roared the Majesty of Prussia. (M
20、acaulay) The noun phrase Golden Bull is turned to a verb to convey the meaning, to fight (someone) like a Golden Bull. Since Golden Bull was used as a proper noun in the preceding sentence, the conversation of it into a verb makes the passage highly cohesive. It also vividly manifests the boorishnes
21、s of the Majesty of Prussia.（叶淑萍）13. Syncope: the omission of a medial part of a word.E,g.A voice so thrilling neer was heardIn spring-time from the cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebridges.(Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)。 The original form of neer in the first line
22、 is “never”. Its a conventional licenses of verse composition. It changes the pronunciation of the original words so that the poet may better and more easily arrange sound patterns to achieve their intended communicative effects.（叶淑萍）Chapter 414. Oxymoron: It is the yoking together of two expression
23、 which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality. 矛盾修辞False true /die merrily /a living death-create the communicative effect 15. Paradox : It is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false. 似非而是Ignorance is strength. Express a
24、certain truth or message through apparent falsehood.16. Metonymy: It is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant,rather than the substitution of a part for the whole,or the whole for a part. 转喻. P65The glories of our blood and state,】Are shadows,not substantial
25、 things;There is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.(Shirley,The Glories of our Blood) Sceptre and Crown are things that kings and queens carry and wear to present their power an
26、d authority, and are therefore metonyms for kings and queens. Scythe and spade are things used by peasants or farm workers, and are therefore metonyms for peasants.（冯丹）17. Synecdoche: a) It is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole. b) It can also b
27、e interpreted more broadly to include substitution of the whole for a part. 提喻 He cant ride a wheel. A wheel substitutes the bicycle.18. Metaphor: It is the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning. 隐喻. P69The frog came on the cats feet.！She is
28、 really a duck, she thought.(Galsworthy,The Forsyte Saga) She is a human referent and treated either as a duck.（陈沈慧） 19. Overstatement: It is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimen
29、tal , satiric or comic overstatement is often metaphorical. 夸张，夸张手法. P71For she was beautiful-her beauty madeThe bright world dim,and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.(Shelley) The overstatement her beauty made the bright world dim expresses the speakers great admiration fo
30、r the female figure. Actually, what the poet intends to say, put in plain terms, is that she was extraordinarily beautiful. （陈沈慧）20. Homophony: The words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning. 同音异义词 . P77 When I am dead, I hope it may be said His sins were scarlet,but his b
31、ooks are read. (Belloc, On his Books) When we have heard these lines we would have two simultaneous interpretations of the last lexical item: the past participle of the verb read which relates to his books and the adjective red relating to its hyponym scarlet in the first half of the same line.，21.
32、Polysemy : the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings 一词多义. P79Franklin:Hancocks right. This is our passport to the gallows. But there is no backing out now. If we dont hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately.(Peter Stone and Sherman
