1、基于功能对等理论的人体部位习语的英汉互译毕业设计（论文）题 目 基于功能对等理论的人体部位习语的英汉互译系 （院） 专 业 班 级 学生姓名 学 号 指导教师 职 称 二一四年六月三日Translation of Human Body Idioms Based on Functional Equivalence Theory独 创 声 明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计(论文)，是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本设计（论文）不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均
2、已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 二一三年六月十八日毕业设计（论文）使用授权声明本人完全了解滨州学院关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定。本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版，同意学校保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，或采用影印、数字化或其它复制手段保存设计（论文）；同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下，建立目录检索与阅览服务系统，公布设计（论文）的部分或全部内容，允许他人依法合理使用。（保密论文在解密后遵守此规定）作者签名: 二一三年六月十八基于功能对等理论的人体部位习语的英汉互译 摘要习语拥有生动形象的语言特色，承载着深厚的文化内涵，是语言的精华和
3、文化的结晶。在英汉语言中都存在着大量的与人体器官相关的习语，英汉人体部位习语是中西方文明的重要组成部分，是各自文化的珍宝。伴随着经济全球化的发展，中国人越来越对外国文化感兴趣，而越来越多的外国人学习中国文化。更重要的是，文化成为综合国力的主要标志，文化软实力在国际竞争中的作用越来越大。所以，英汉人体部位习语的翻译变得尤为重要。原因是，英汉人体部位习语研究有助于中西方国家的友好交流，有助于更好地了解彼此的思想与文化。然而，由于东方和西方具有不同的文化和语言体系，英汉人体部位习语在意义与表现形式上，既有相同点，也存在着明显的不同之处。在人体部位习语翻译中，如何在译语中体现原语语言和文化上的特点，是
4、人体部位习语翻译的难点。因此，本文以功能对等理论为指导，通过对英汉习语的定义、特征、分类以及所含的文化特征等方面的分析，结合丰富的实例，总结出英汉人体部位习语的一些翻译方法。旨在帮助人们更好地理解并准确地翻译英汉人体部位习语，在一定程度上，促进中西语言文化交流。关键词：人体部位习语翻译；功能对等理论；翻译策略Translation of Human Body Idioms Based on Functional Equivalence TheoryAbstractIdiom with vivid language characteristics, carrying profound cultu
5、ral connotations, is the fruit of the essence of language and culture. There are a lot of idioms associated with human organs in both English and Chinese. Chinese and English human body idioms are treasures of their cultures, which are very important parts of eastern and western civilization. With t
6、he development of economic globalization, Chinese people become more interested in foreign culture, and more and more foreigners are studying Chinese culture. Whats more, culture becomes the main symbol of comprehensive national strength, and culture soft power is playing more and more important rol
7、e in the competition. So studying on translation of Chinese and English human body idioms is beneficial to the friendly communication of China and Western countries, and lets understand each others thoughts and cultures better.However, as East and West have a different culture and language system, p
8、arts of the human body between English and Chinese idioms in meaning and manifestations, both in common, there was a noticeable difference. How to reflect the characteristics of source language and culture in the target language is the difficulty in human body idioms translation. Therefore, based on
9、 functional equivalence, the paper will make a study on translating idioms between English and Chinese by analyzing their definitions, characteristics, classifications and their cultural features, and then find some effective translation methods for English and Chinese human body idioms. Designed to
10、 help people better understand and accurately translated parts of the human body between English and Chinese idioms, to a certain extent, facilitate the exchange of Chinese and Western language and culture.Key words: translating human body idioms; functional equivalence theory; translation strategie
11、sContentsIntroductionIt is acknowledged that the language and culture has a close relationship. Idioms are considered to be the essence of language. Idioms which are conditioned by culture and reflect culture include phrases, slangs, allusions, colloquialisms, epigrams and so on. Language is a speci
12、al language form certainly culture-bound. Every nation has a lot of idioms in their languages, so idioms have strong national color. Many translators have pointed out that one of the most important reasons for mistranslation is the neglect of cultural differences among different nations. Therefore,
13、it is very important for translators to compare different cultures with various characteristics and make proper changes and transformations in the process of idioms translation. The distinguished translation theorist Nida (2001) also indicated that For truly successful translating, biculturalism is
14、even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function (p. 82). It is more challenging to translate idioms which are rich in their national color. In other words, cultural factors play a crucial role throughout the course of human body i
15、dioms translation. Nidas Functional Equivalence theory has made great influence in the translation field in China and the west since its birth. To put it in a simple way, this theory emphasizes achieving the closest natural equivalent to the source text, first in meaning, secondly in style. However,
16、 his theory does not reject the significance of form. As Nida put it, if a more or less literal correspondence is functionally equivalent in both designative and associative meaning, then obviously no adjustments in form are necessary(2001:92). As for the translation of human body idioms, Nidas Func
17、tional Equivalence is also applicable. This paper attempts to apply the functional equivalence theory to the translation of human body idioms so as to overcome the difficulties encountered by translation practitioners.In this paper, the author tries to find some proper translation strategies for hum
18、an body idioms translation by the guide of the functional equivalence theory. This paper consists of five chapters except Introduction and Conclusion. Chapter one is literature review. It gives an overview of the studies related idioms and brief introduction of functional equivalence theory. Chapter
19、 two compares English and Chinese idioms by definitions and characteristics. Chapter three analyses the similarities and differences between English and Chinese human body idioms. Chapter four is the application of functional equivalence theory in human body idioms translation and the specific trans
20、lation methods. Chapter five is some advises for human body idioms translation.Chapter One Literature Review1.1 Review the previous studies of idiomsTranslators at home and abroad have done complete research and a lot of works on the translation of idioms, and I summed up as follows: 1.1.1 Studies o
21、f Idioms in the WestThe study of idiom translation has always been very popular among scholars. Some of them hold that idioms are difficult to translate. A.F.Tytler (1790) was one of them, who said that the most difficult task for a translator may be translating idioms. However, Nida, Mona Baker and
22、 many other linguists or translators hold that idioms can be translated and have come up with some principles, strategies of idioms translation.Nida(2001:78) insists that, “at least ninety percent of the fundamental structures of all languages are quite similar, and language universals far outweigh
23、divergences”. He has focused on the problems of idiom translation in his works. In Toward a Science of Translation (1964), he put forward two ways to translate idioms: “thorough alternation” and slight adjustment. He pointed out that the necessity for certain thorough alternations of exocentric expr
24、essions has always been recognized by good translators; and when there is no readily corresponding idiom in the receptor language, a slight adjustment in the source language expression may make it acceptable in the receptor language(2004:238-239). In The Theory and Practice of Translation he held th
25、at, idioms are some of the most obvious candidates for semantic adjustment, for the very fact that they are idioms means it is unlikely that the same type of distinctive form will have the same meaning in another language. The adjustments are quite understandably of three types: a. from idioms to no
26、n-idioms, b, from idioms to idioms, and c, from non-idioms to idioms(2004:106).The main difficulties in the process of translating idioms are summarized by Mona Baker as follows: Firstly, an idiom may have no equivalent in the target language. Second, an idiom may have a similar counterpart in the t
27、arget language, but its context of use may be different, the two expressions may have different connotations, or they may not be pragmatically translatable. Third, an idiom may be used in the source text in both its literal and idiomatic sense at the same time. Lastly, the very convention of using i
28、dioms in written discourse, the contexts in which they can be used, and their frequency of use may be different in the source language and target language. Then she comes up with the corresponding translation strategies: (1) using an idiom of similar meaning and form; (2) using an idiom of similar m
29、eaning but dissimilar form; (3) translation by paraphrase; (4) translation by omission.1.1.2 Studies of Idioms in ChinaIn China, it has been developing well since the 1970s in the field of idiom translation. Many scholars and researchers, such as Zhang Peiji (1978) and Chen Wenbo (1982) have made a
30、great contribution to this field. There are many works having a close relation with the problems of idiom translation. For example, How to Translate Chinese Idioms into English (1979) by Zhang Peiji; A Survey of Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Idioms(2000) by Jianglei; A Research. On Engl
31、ish Idioms (2005) by Luo Shiping; A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms (2005) by Chen Wenbo and so on. They play an important role in this field. In addition, many scholars and researchers have discussed the cultural differences based on contrastive linguistics and offered translation m
32、ethods. Zhang Ning (1999) insisted that idioms reflected the following four aspects of cultural differences: (1)the difference between living environments; (2) the differences between customs; (3) the differences between religious beliefs; (4) the difference between historical allusion. Wang Fang (2001) put forward the way to treat cultural features in the translation of idioms with four translation methods provided, including literal translation (with annotation or explanation), free translation, substituting equivalent or corresponding
