1、现在分词和过去分词讲课2非谓语动词语法讲（二）现在分词和过去分词一、分词的时态和语态主动语态被动语态现在分词一般式doingbeing done 完成式having done having been done过去分词一般式无donedoing 表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为Passing the classroom ,she saw a boy student stand upI saw them playing football on the playground.having done表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。两者均表主动。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一
2、般不用作定语。 Having finished his homework ,she began to watch TV.Not having revised her lessons ,she failed in the test .being done 表示一个被动的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。（正在被。）Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.having been done表示一个被动的的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。主要用于作状语Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.don
3、e 表示一个被动的动作发生Cameras made in Japan are popular on the market.二、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing_howtofindtheway,hedecidedtocallataxi. A.NotknowingB.KnowingnotC.NothavingknownD.Havingnotknown 三分词的句法功能 一般来讲，分词可在句中作定语、表语、补语、状语。 1. 作定语 1)单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定语时，放
4、在被修饰的名词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系（这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一）。 eg.arunningboy=aboywhoisrunningthegirlstandingthere=agirlwhoisstandingthere Themanstandingbythewindowsisourteacher.ThebridgebeingbuiltinZhejiangwillbethelargestbridgeovertheseainourcountry. Cameras made in Japan are popular on
5、the market. 注意分词的完成时 (having done )不可作定语。 2)现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思，但有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个完成的动作，没有被动的意思。 thedevelopedcountries发达国家 thedevelopingcountries发展中国家 thechangedworld变化了的世界 thechangingworld正在变化的世界 theboiledwater开水 theboilingwater正在烧开的水 thefallenleaves落叶 thefallingleaves正在下落的叶子
6、therisensun升起了的太阳 therisingsun正在升起的太阳 Therewasaterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight. A.followedB.following C.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have wr
7、itten B to be written C being written D written答案：DWhats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak答案：BPrices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.答案：BWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to t
8、he door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading答案：D解析：reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作message 的后置定语，相当于which read, pinned 和 reading的逻辑主语都是 message，它与pin是被动关系，用ed 形式，与 read 是主动关系，用ing 形式 2. 作状语分词作状语，它的逻辑主语一般须与句子主语一致。doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作 havingdone表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作 don
9、e表示分词与句子的主语是被动关系 havingbeendone表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作 Hearingthenews,shehurriedhomewithoutameal. Havinglearnedthetechnique,hedecidedtoapplyforajob. 如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，就需要用完成形式。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。 Nothavingreceivedanyreply,shewroteagain.由于没有收到回信，她又写了一封。现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Given mor
10、e attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(让步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴
11、随)He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)（1） 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。（2） ：分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，为了使作状语的分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if,
12、while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）（3）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。而-ing和having done作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格
13、中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.Weather permitting (If weather permits), well have a sports meetnext week. 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting （being） over, all left the room. 但在下列情况
14、下不省略 1.）there being+名词2）逻辑主语是代词如it 时3.）当being done 表正在被做时There being no buses, we had to walk homeIt being Sunday,all the offices are closed 所有办公室锁着门Food being cooked .I fell asleep.正做着饭 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears roll
15、ing down her cheeks.1.When_, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed答案：A2._ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed答案：B 3. There was a terrible noise_ the sudden
16、burst of light. A followed B following C to be followed D being followed 答案：B4. _ , liquids can be changed into gases. A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat 答案：C 注意：5._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered答
17、案：A6.Thevisitingministerexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,_thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere. A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added 7. _fromthetopofthehill,wecanfindthatthecitylooksmorebeautiful.8._fromthetopofthehill,the town looks more beautiful. A.SeeingB.SeenC.SawD.Tobeseeing3.作表语 分词作表语时，一般表示主语的特征、性质
18、。现在分词表示“令人/使人”，一般修饰事物；过去分词表示“感到”，常修饰人或人的表情（look,expression）。这类词常为某种感情变化的及物动词。 amaze ,interest ,excite, disappoint, encourage , move ,touch ,astonish , surprise ,shock , puzzle ,tire ,confuse ,terrify ,encourage ,inspire，annoy，bore 等等。Thestorywasveryinteresting. Iaminterestedinthestoryhetoldme. Its a
19、mazing that you should know that!你竟然连这都不知道。真令人惊奇。He was very amusing.他很有趣。This interruption is very annoying.这样的打断很让人恼火。Its astonishing to me that he should be absent.他竟然缺席，这使我感到吃惊。The book was rather boring.那本书相当枯燥乏味。Some foreige press reports are quite confusing某些外国新闻报道很令人迷惑不解。The test results hav
20、e been very discouraging.测试结果很令人沮丧。The sight had not been encouraging.那景象并不令人鼓舞。Skiing is more exciting than skating.滑雪比滑冰更刺激。Its all very puzzling.这事整个令人困惑。His concern for his mother is most touching.他对母亲的关爱很感人。4. 作宾补I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.I ca
21、nt make myself understood in English.I found my car missing.Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out 答案：C1. 现在分词常可用在（感官动词和使役动词之后）see,watch,catch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,no
22、tice,have等后面作宾语补足语。 Hekeptuswaitingforawholehour.他让我们等了整整一小时。Wefoundhimveryamusing.我们觉得他很有趣。 Ifyouhavedifficulty,Iwillhavesomepeoplehelpyou.如果你有困难，我会让你帮助你的。 Donthavethechildstandinginthesun.不要让孩子一直站在太阳底下。 Hehadhiswalletstolenyesterday.昨天他的钱包丢了。 在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后，既可用现在分词或过去分词构成复合宾语，也可用动
23、词原形构成复合宾语。两者的差别在于：用现在分词，表示动作正在发生或进行，其含义相当于进行时态；用动词原形时表示动作已经发生，动作的过程已经结束。 Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment. Isawhimputonhiscoatandwalkout.我看到了他穿上大衣走了出去。 WhenIenteredtheroom,Isawhimtryingonthenewcoat.我进房间时看到他在试穿大衣。 Wewatchedthegameforalongwhile.我们观看比赛好长一段时间。Please keep us informed of the latest deve
24、lopments. 现在分词和过去分词作宾补时，结构变成被动语态时位置以及形式不变。动词原形作宾补变成被动语态时，则要加不定式符号to. Hewasseentoputonhiscoatandwalkout.有人看见他穿上大衣出去了。 感官动词+宾语+宾补（do,doing,done) Get +宾语+宾补(to do,doing,done) Make+宾语+宾补（do,done) Have+宾语+宾补（ding,do(一次性动作),done 1,被动2，遭遇） Keep,leave,find+宾+补（doing,done) 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语 Every morning we h
25、ear him read English aloud. 他每个月理一次发 He has his hair cut once a month 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We wont let her go out at night. 1.Listen! Do you hear someone _for help? A calling B call C to call Dcalled 2.Dont worry .Ill have the car _(wait)for you all the time. 3.Badluck!I had my money _(steal)last night. 5.
26、He raised his voice to make himself _(hear)2.with宾语宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式(表将来，主动表被动)、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：With a lot of work to do,he feels upset.With the work finished, he feels relaxed. Thechildrenlookedatus,withtheireyesopeningwide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。 Iwouldmissth
27、etrain,withnoonetowakemeup. 没人叫我，我会错过火车的。 Theriverwithgrassandflowersonbothsidesrunsthroughoursschoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。 Withtheexaminationsover,wehadalongtimetorest.考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。 5.少量短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句：talkingof(一提到)， considering(考虑到),judgingby/from(根据.判断)， men
28、tioning(一提到.),generally/franklyspeaking/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowlyspeaking,supposing,等可以修饰整个句子。Talkingofthecomputer,Ilikeitverymuch. 谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。 Consideringthetime,wehavedecidedtostartearlytomorrowmorning.考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发 1.Tell Mary that theres someone _for her at the door.A. waiting B. wa
29、ited C. waits D. to wait2.There is a big dog _to a fence outside the house.A. tying B. tied C. to tie D .ties3.The_waiter came up to us and said, You are welcome.A. smiling B. smiled C. smile D. to smile4. _the early train, youll have to get up early and rush in a taxi.A. Catching B. CaughtC. To catchD. Catch5.There, in the corner, sat three girls, _.A. sew
