1、中考复习专题 非谓语动词 word 专题九 非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和动词分词（现在分词和过去分词），在句子中都不能做谓语（非谓语动词），它们具有名词、形容词或副词的功能，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。其否定式是在其前面直接加not。它们的构成和在句中的功能如下：非谓语动词构成形式 功能动词不定式to+v（动词原形）主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语 动名词 v. ing 主语、宾语、定语动词分词现在分词v.ing 定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语过去分词v.ed非谓语动词的句法功能：主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式动词ing（极少）过去分词（一）不定式1
2、.不定式的用法1）作主语。不定式短语作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，如：To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking.2）作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，往往把其放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。如：He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study with him.3）作宾语补足语。如：He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see
3、, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to. 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to，如：He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式动词在介词but, except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式省略to，如：She could do nothing but cry.4）作定语，通常后置，如：I have some books to read.注意：作定语的不定式中含有的介词或副词不能省略。He is looking for a room to live
4、 in. There is nothing to worry about.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如：He had no place to live.5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。如：I came here to see you.（目的） To look at him, you would like him.（条件）We were very excited to hear the news.（原因）He hurried to the school to find nobody there.（结果）6）作表语。如：My
5、 job is to help the patient.7）作独立成分。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.8）不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如：He didnt know what to say.（宾语）How to solve the problem is very important.（主语） My question is when to start.（表语）2.不定式的时态1）不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作（状态
6、）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。（to do）2）如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式，如：I am very glad to be working with you.3）不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.（二）动名词1.动名词的用法1）作主语。如：Seeing is believing. It is no use arguing with him.注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，
7、动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。但在It is no use/ good, not any use/ good, useless等后必须用动名词。2）作表语。如：Her job is teaching.3）作宾语。如：I like swimming.注意admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel. Like, finish, forgive, give up ,imagine, include, keep, mention
8、, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand等动词后只能用动名词作宾语。forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。forget to do忘记要做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事forget doing忘记做了某事 try to do 尽力去做某事remember to do记住要做某事 try doing试着做某事remember doing记着做了某
9、事 learn to do 学着去做某事mean to do有意要做某事 learn doing学会做某事mean doing意味着做了某事 stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）regret to do对要做的事表示遗憾 stop doing 停止做某事regret doing对做过去的事后悔 go on to do 接着做（另外一件事）cant help to do不能帮助做某事 go on doing 继续做某事在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语
10、用带to的不定式。动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词或不定式的被动式，动名词的主动式表示被动意义，如：The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned)在短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, to be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be(kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty/ trouble/ problem(in), hav
11、e a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in), theres no use/ good等后也必须用动名词形式。worth, worthy, worth while都为形容词，意为“值得”。a. worth: be worth + n.当名词为金钱时，表示“值得”be worth doing sth.“某事值得被做”，动名词主动形式表示被动意义：The question is not worth discussing.b. worthy: be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示“值得”be worthy to be done be worthy of be
12、ing done“某事值得被做”：The question is not worthy to be discussed.c. worth while: be worth while to do sth. Be worth while doing sth.“值得做某事”be worth ones while to do“值得某人去做”4）作定语。如：He has a reading room.2.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成，在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词，如：She didnt mind his crying.3.动名词的时态和
13、语态。1）动名词的时态如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词以前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如：Im sorry for not having kept my promise.主语是这个动名词表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being+过去分词”或“having been+过去分词”构成。如：He was afraid of being left at home.（三）分词1.分词的用法1）作定语单个分词做
14、定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。如：The man standing by the window is our teacher.2）作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。注意：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while, when, as等引导。“with(without)+宾语+分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。注意其中宾语就是分词的逻辑主语，因此要根据分词和逻辑主语之间是主被动关系来分别选用现在分词还是过去分词，如：He came in, with a book take
15、n. He came in, with a dog following.当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语，如：Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.3）作表语。如：The news is inspiring. The glass is broken.4）作宾语补足语。如：We saw the teacher making the experiment.注意：在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词和不定式构成复合宾语，
16、但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。have+宾语+现在分词，表示“使某人或某物一直做”。 have+宾语+过去分词，表示“使某人或某物被”，强调被动；have +宾语+省略to的不定式，表示“使某人或某物做”，强调主动。但是，当have作为“有”的意思的时候，可以说，have+ sth. +to +do,“有某事要去做”，但如果动作的实施者不是have的主语，则不定式应用被动式，因为此时不定式的逻辑主语是sth. ，如：I have a letter to type. Mr. White, do
17、 you have the letter to be typed? I can help you.2.分词的时态和语态1）分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having+过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。2）现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态，当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。如：The question being discussed is important.Having been criticized by
18、 the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式没有完成式。【例题精析】例1. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing答案：B 。例2. You were silly not _ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. lockin
19、g D. having locked答案：B 。例3. When I got back home, I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you. Will call later.”A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading答案：D 。 专题测试1. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing2. Do you know the boy _
20、 under the big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying3. She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen4. _ more attention, the tree could have grown better.A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Having been given5. Jane was made _ the truck for a week as a
21、punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing6. She said she was sorry _ the train, so she had to stay here for another day.A. missing B. having missed C. to miss D. to have missed7. I happened _ the story when she told me about it.A. having heard of B. to have heard of C. to be heard of
22、 D. to hear of8. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added9.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having do
23、ne10._ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received11. “Its very kind of you”, Tom said to me,_ my hand.A. shaking B. shaken C. to shake D. shook12. Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite
24、C. being invited D. inviting13. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though had been told C. He was told D. Having told14. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the pathA. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest15. The purp
25、ose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make16. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C. , did not include women plays until 1912.A. first holding B. to be first held C. first held D. to be first holding17. Saying always has less d
26、ifficulty than _.A. done B. doing C. to do D. having do18.The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _ .A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off19.Did you watch TV last night? No, I didnt want to stop _ my composition.A. write B. to write C. for writing D. wr
27、iting20. The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldnt make himself _ .A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard21. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying22. Janet was angry at _ .A. my not waiti
28、ng for her B. I didnt wait for her C. me not wait for her D. me to not wait for her23. I prefer staying at home _ the theater.A. to go to B. for going to C. to going to D. rather than go24._ afraid _ behind, Bill studied even harder than ever before.A. To be, of falling B. Being, fall C. Being, of f
29、alling D. To be, to fall25. Please get someone _ the washing machine. I want to get it _ as soon as possible.A. to repair, to be repaired B. repair, repaired C. to repair, repairing D. to repair, repaired26. When _, water can be changed into vapor.A. heated B. being heated C. having been heated D. t
30、o heat27. The building _ next month will be a modern hospital.A. built B. being built C. to be built D. be built28. The machine requires _ , so the workers are required _ ready.A. repair, to get B. repairing, to get C. repairing, getting D. to be repaired, getting29. The Americans cant use chopsticks _ .A. to eat B. to eating C. eating D. to eat with30. The thief entered the room without _ .A. noticing B. being noticed C. having noticed D. having been noticed31. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling32. He was made _ working becau
