1、行为动词 was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnwas或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。She often came to help us in those days. 三、 现在进行时：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。now, at this time, these days, etc. am/is/are+doing am/is/are+not+doing. 把be动词放于句首。 How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时：表示过去某段时间或某
2、一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。was/were+doing was/were + not + doing. 把was或were放于句首。At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。recently, lately, sincefor
3、,in the past few years, etc. have/has + done have/has + not +d one. have或has。Ive written an article. It has been raining these days. 六、 过去完成时：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。before, by the end of last year（term, month）,etc. had + done. had + not + done. had放于句首。As soon as we got to t
4、he station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。tomorrow, next day（week, month, year）,soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnbe放于句首；will/shal
5、l提到句首。They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。the next day（morning, year）,the following month（week）,etc. was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. would/should 提到句首。He said
6、he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：1、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it
7、 is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 2、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at wor
8、k（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 3、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 4、“be going to
9、+动词原形”与“will（shall）+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will（shall）+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday. 语态被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的1肯定句：主语 + be + 过去分词 + （by ）2
10、否定句：主语 + be not + 过去分词 + （by ）3一般疑问句：Be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）?4特殊疑问句:疑问词 + be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）？一般进行完成现在AmIs + doneAreIs + being doneHas + been donehave过去Was + doneWere + being doneHad been done将来Shall + be doneWill过去将来ShouldWould5主动语态变被动Be动词的五种变化形式：原 形 be现在时 am ,is ,are 过去时 was , were现在分词 being过去分词 b
11、een原句：The naughty boy broke the window yesterday.被动：The window was broke by the naughty boy yesterday.a原主动句中的宾语the window变为主语b谓语动词break改为被动形式：be + 过去分词c原主动句中的主语放在介词by的后面。其他成分不变。6被动语态的几种类型a有一个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ O（宾）被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）例句He wrote this poem yesterday.This poem was w
12、ritten by him yesterday.b有两个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句S（主）+V（谓）+ IO（间接宾）+DO（直接宾）被动句 S（原IO）+be +过去分词+原DO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式） S（原DO）+be +过去分词+原IO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）例句I have asked Brown the question . Brown has been asked the question by me. The question has been asked （of） Brown by me.c经常使用双宾语的动词Tell show buy ask pass
13、write do make sell send sing give answer teach offer pay promise allow award 可以有两种被动语态的一些动词Buy, give ,leave ,lend ,Offer , pay , teach, tell,Show, award通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词Bring , do , make , pass,Sell , send , sing , sew write通常用间接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词Answer , deny，Envy ，refuse，Save , spare例句：He wrote her
14、a letter.A letter was written to her by him（合习惯）She was written a letter.（不合习惯）d由“不及物动词+介词或副词”构成的被动语态一般情况下，只有及物动词的后面才能跟宾语，而不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，这个动词相当于一个及物动词，那它就可以形成被动语态了。主动句 S（主）+V（不及动）+ 介词+ O（宾语）被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+ 介词+by+ O（原主语宾格形式）在动词短语中，动词和介词的关系非常密切
15、，已经形成一个固定搭配的词组，介词的位置也是固定的不能随意变动例如：operate on talk about 等e由情态动词构成的被动语态主语+情态动词+ be（永远是原形）+ 过去分词.f祈使句的被动语态主动句 V（原形）+ O被动句 Let + O （原宾语）+ be（原形）+ 过去分词Do homework at once!Let homework be done at once从句1.主语从句a主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末.常见的句型有：It is a facta pitya questiongood news that
16、.It seemsappearshappenedhas turned out that.It is clearimportantlikelypossible that.It is saidreportedestimatedhas been proved that.It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.It seems that the performance is very useful.bwhat引导的主语从句表示“.的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语.Wha
17、t we lack is experience.cwhat,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序.How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.I did know why I felt like crying.2.宾语从句a宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后.连词that常可省略.介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句.in that（因为）,except that（除了）,but that（只是）已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句.
18、I promised that I would change the situation.All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.b宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后.He h
19、as made it clear that he would not change his mind.c在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式.He didnt think that the money was well spent.3.表语从句表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中.表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,as if（though）等引导.that常可省略.如主句主语为reason,只能
20、用that引导表语从句,不可用because.Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.4
21、.同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导.常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后.She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how man
22、y books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their team had won the championship.5.定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子.定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整.引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等.who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于of which；which用于指物；that
23、既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中.关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等.The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her gr
24、andmother.a当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句.That is all that Ive heard from him.Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.b关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略.关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不
25、可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略.This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things （whichthat） we have to put up with.c引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等.关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构.Even in comic books where（=in which） there are no words,the stories are ful
26、ly expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why（=for which） he was so angry that day.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响.不可用that引导非限制性定语从句.关系词不可省略.Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.“介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句“介词+whichwhomwh
27、ose”可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,或先行词的习惯搭配.This is the computer on which he spent all his savingsIt is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.as引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词.as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间.These are not such problems as can be easily solved.（as代替先行词problems）As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.（as代替主语）6.状语从句时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等.
