1、关系代词关系副词用法关系词(关系代词和关系副词)有时可以省略, 但这只限于限制性定语从句中, 在非限制性定语从句中, 关系词则不可省略。1.关系代词作宾语时的省略: 当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时, 可以省略。Is there anything (that/which) you wanted 注意: 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时, 关系代词多用thatWho is the man (that/who/whom) you were
2、 talking to This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.注意: 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时, 关系代词一般都用that2.关系代词作表语时的省略： 当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时, 可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.3.关系代词作宾补时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时, 可以省略。Im not the madman (that) you thought
3、 me. that做宾补4.关系副词when的省略： 用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后可以省略, 也可换成thatThat was the year (when/that) I first went abroad.Ill never forget the day (when/that) we met.5. 关系副词where的省略： 用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后
4、时才可以省略, 也可换成thatThis is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour 6. 关系副词why的省略: 关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句, 且通常可换成that或for which, 均可省略。Thats the reason (why/for which/that) he came.关系副词的特点: 关系副词用于引出定语从句, 英语的关系副词主要有when, where, why三个。Sunday
5、 is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.Thats the reason (why/for which/that) he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where/that I can find sandals注意：关系副词用于引出定语从句, 且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间, where表示地点, why表示原因。使用关系副词应注意的几点：不能用作关系副词, 不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way后表示方式: This is the way how he spoke. (wr
6、ong) This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/in which) he spoke. (right)This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句, 也可引导非限制性定语从句, 但why只能引导限制性定语从句, 不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句, 可用for which reason)3.引导定语从句时, when的先行词为时间, where的先行词为地点, w
7、hy的先行词为原因(主要是the reason), 但是反过来却不一定Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you. 做宾语Do you know the house (that) he bought recently 做宾语Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 做宾语关系代词引导的定语从句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分1)who, whom, that指人, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语可省略Is he the man who/ that wants to see y
8、ou 做主语He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 做宾语2)which, that指物, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语时可省略A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 做主语The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 做宾语3)whose表所属关系, 指人或物。指物可与of which互换, 指人可与of whom互换They rush
9、ed over to help the man whose car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.=Please pass me the
10、book of which the cover is green.关系副词引导的定语从句when, where, why1)区别:及物动词后面无宾语, 用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词This is the place (where/that) I lived once. where指代the place充当地点状语This is the place (which/that) I visited once. which做visit的宾语, 可省略Ill never forget the days (which) we spend together. which做spend的宾语, 可省略Ill
11、 never forget the days (when/that) we live together in the country. when指代the days充当时间状语2)关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构, 可以互换, 口语中可省略There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服. =There are occasions on which one must yield.Beijing is the place (where/that) I was born. =Beijing is the place on which I was
12、 born.Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer 3)that代替关系副词: that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和”介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (where/tha
13、t/in which) he lived forty years ago.不能用that的情况1)引导非限制性定语从句时, 不能用thatThe tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong, 应用which)2)介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we got our food.=We depend on the land which/that we got our food from.只能用that的情况1)在there be句型中, 只用that, 不用whic
14、h2)在不定代词如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行词时, 只用that3)先行词有the only, the very修饰时, 只用that4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时, 只用that5)先行词即有人, 又有物时当先行词是way时, 关系副词常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.That作为关系副词所具备的功能, 即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+ which。但这种代替是有条件的, 主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四
15、大类基本含义的先行词, 即time(替代when)，place(替代where)，reason(替代why)，way(替代in which)，其中time类的词汇最多, 包括若干下义词, 如hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用, 所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。此外, that还可以与speed, distance等先行词连用, 此时无法用where代替。在非正式语体中, 关系副词that是经常省略的。正是基于这个原因, 在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出相关例句, 因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副
16、词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died. I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris. The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday. There are so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken. This is the place (where) I lived five years. Do you
17、know anywhere (that) I can get a drinkShe knows the place (that/where) he stays.There is nowhere (that) we can go.The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.This is the place (that) I spent my children at. =This is the place (that) I spend my childhood. 前者为关系代词用法, 比后者关系副词的用法更为正式I d
18、ont know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate. 如上所述, 关系副词that是广泛存在的, 并且经常省略。当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致, 例如薄冰高级英语语法认为先行词为place时, 关系副词where也可省略；薄冰高级英语语法认为先行词为reason时, 关系副词why可以省略。为了便于记忆和理解, 我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。Oxford dictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项, 但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法(见如上第一个例句)。根据对句子结构
19、的分析, 这里的that相当于when或in which, 不是代词而是副词。个别语法书中提到that代替关系副词when, where, why, how, 鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证, 且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词, 故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。(先行词是time, day, occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略)At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.Do you know the year (when) The Declaration of Independence was pu
20、blished2. Where(先行词是place, room等表示地面的名词, 在口语中可以省略)This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.(先行词只有reason, 在口语中, 可以省略why)Thats the reason (why) Im checking it now.还有一种省略应特别关注, 在this/that/it is后可省略先行词the time, the place, the reason, 直接跟why, when, whereThat was (the time) when he lived there.It is
21、(the place) where that rock festival is held every year.Thats (the reason) why he spoke.一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合1.当关系代词, that, which, who , whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come. Where is the book (which/that) I bought this morning2.当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略He has cha
22、nged. He is not the man (that) he was.3.当关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中作主语时, 只有当主句是由It is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略It isnt everybody (that/who) can learn a foreign lnguage so easily.That was his brother (who/that) just went by.There was someone (who/that) asked for you, Bill.二、关系副词when,where, why引导的限制
23、性定语从句在非正式语体中，通常可以省略I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.The reason (why) he came so early in his own affair.Thats the place (where) he stayed when he was in London.另外, 在当代英语里, that可以用于表示时间、地点、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in
24、which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.三、以the way作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略in which或者thatThe way (in which/that) you answered the questions was admirable., day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行词时可以被省略, 其后的子句不再是形容词子句, 而变成名词子句或副词子句。This is
25、where he was born. Where he was born是名词子句This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容词子句Ill meet her where I first met her. Where I first met her是副词子句Ill meet her at the place where I first met her. Where I first met her是形容词子句Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage tru
26、ck comes 是名词子句Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是形容词子句2.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.3.关系副词有补述用法, 即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句, 主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充, 前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。Tom got married the day before yester
27、day, when it was his birthday too.引导的定语从句: 先行词是表示地点的名词, 如place, room, house, street, area等, 或含有地点意义的抽象名词, 如situation(处境,地势), stage, point(点), case(案例, 情况), 用where引导定语从句, 在定语从句中做地点状语。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.Harvard is a world-famous university.
28、 There Wang An got his Doctors degree.=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctors degree.This is the house. I was born in the house.=This is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella
29、 in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.This is the house where I lived two years ago.*先行词为抽象名词situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等, 表示模糊化的地点, 用where引导定语从句。You reach a point where medicine cant hel
30、p.She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.引导的定语从句：先行词是表示时间的名词, 如day, time, year, hour等, 用when引导定语从句, 在句中作状语。The time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/
31、during+ whichIll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.=Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.The days are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.Ill never forget the day when I joined the arm
32、y.一、 ”介词+关系代词”结构1.当关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；当先行词指人时, 介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which, 这时的关系代词不能省略; 有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词, 也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面, 这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在有关动词的后面时, 关系代词which, that, whom在口语和非正式语体中经常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.Whos the man with whom you just sho
