1、材料学院专业外语试题2007-2008学年第一学期末考试试题（A卷） 课程名称：FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING一、填空题（20分）每空0.5分1The discipline of materials scienceinvolvesIn contrast, materials engineering is .2 金属材料的晶体结构主要包括: ,.3 物质中原子之间相互作用起源于原子核和电子间交互作用，根据电子围绕原子的分布方式，可以将这些作用力分为：,.4 高分子材料的基本结构包括:,.5 Forming techniques
2、of metallic materials common include,and ,.6 Hardness of materials is measured according these methods,.7 POLYMER ADDITIVES applied in polymer materials common includes,and,.8 根据材料磁化率，可以把材料的磁性大致分为五类,.10 Three different forming methods are used to fabricate glass products:, and.11 自由基聚合方法是指，聚合过程包括三步,
3、.12 FORMING TECHNIQUES FOR PLASTICS includes:,and.二、问答题（40分）每题8分1 Give the electron configurations for the following ions: Fe2+, Cu+, Br- and S-2.2 什么叫复合材料？复合材料的优点有哪些？ 3 什么叫导电率？导电的机理是什么？聚合物导电率为什么比较低？ 4 金属材料成型方法选择主要依赖于什么因素？试述聚合物成型加工特点与优势？ 5 Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, a
4、nd metallic bonding?三、计算题（40分）每题10分1 The number-average degree of polymerization of a polypropylene is 6789, Compute the number-average molecular weight?2 Zirconium has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 6.51 g/cm3. What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters?3 An n-type semiconductor
5、 is known to have an electron concentration of 31018m-3.if the electron drift velocity is 100m/s in an electric field of 500V/m, calculate the conductivity of this material.4 The magnetization within a bar of some metal alloy is 3.2105 A/m at an H field of 50 A/m.Compute the following:(a) The magnet
6、ic susceptibility. (b) The permeability.A卷答案一、填空题（20分）每空0.5分1 investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. On the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of pr
7、operties.2体心立方（body-centered cubic）、面心立方(face-centered cubic)、密排六方(hexagonal close-packed)。 3 离子键(ionic bond)、共价键(covalent bond)、金属键(metallic bond)、分子间作用力(van der waal)和氢键(hydrogen bond)。 4 线形结构(linear)，支链结构(branched)，交联结构(crosslink)，网状结构(network)。 5 forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing。 6 ROCKW
8、ELL, BRINELL, VICKERS 7 filler materials(填充物), plasticizers（增塑剂）, stabilizers（稳定剂）, colorants（着色剂）, and flame retardants（阻燃剂） 8 铁磁性（ferromagnetism），亚铁磁性(ferrimagnetism)，顺磁性(paramagnetism)，反铁磁性(diamagnetism)和抗铁磁性(antiferromagnetism)。9 pressing, blowing, and drawing 10 链引发(initiation)，链增长(propagation)
9、和链终止(termination)。 11 compression（模压）, blow（吹塑）, and injection molding（注射）.二、问答题（40分）每题8分1 Solution: Fe2+ :1s2s2p3s3p63d6-2Cu+:1s2s2p3s3p63d10-2Br-:1s2s2p3s3p63d104s24p6-2S-2:1s2s2p3s3p6-22 Solution: A composite, in the present context, is a multiphase material that is artificiallymade, as opposed t
10、o one that occurs or forms naturally. In addition, the constituentphases must be chemically dissimilar and separated by a distinct interface（2分）.discussed; these include multiphasemetal alloys, ceramics, and polymers（1分）.(1) Most composites have been created to improve combinationsof mechanical char
11、acteristics such as stiffness, toughness, and ambient andhigh-temperature strength（1分） （2）example, aircraft engineers are increasingly searching for structural materials that have low densities(1分)(3) better propertycombinations are fashioned by the judicious combination of two or more distinctmater
12、ials such as optical, electrical and magnetic materials and so on(2分)(4) Cost of some materials may be reduced by adding filler materials(1分)复合材料是有高分子、无机非金属或金属等多相材料通过人工组合而成的新型材料（2分），其基本是有连续相与分散相组成（1分）。 复合材料的优点： 1. 提高力学性能（1分） 2. 降低材料的密度（1分） 3. 获得可用的功能性材料，如耐高温，光电磁性材料（2分） 4. 降低成本（1分） 3 Solution:Sometim
13、es, electrical conductivity _is used to specify the electrical character of amaterial（1分）. It is simply the reciprocal of the resistivity, and is indicative of the ease with which a material is capable of conducting an electric current（2分）.Within most solid materials a current arises fromthe flow of
14、 electrons, which is termed electronic conduction（2分）. In addition, for ionicmaterials a net motion of charged ions is possible that produces a current; such istermed ionic conduction（1分）. Most polymeric materials are poor conductors of electricity because ofthe unavailability of large numbers of fr
15、ee electrons to participate in the conductionprocess（1分）. The mechanism of electrical conduction in these materials is not wellunderstood, but it is felt that conduction in polymers of high purity is electronic（1分）.电导率是衡量材料电导能力的表观物理量（1分），它定义为单位电位下流过的每立方厘米材料的电流I（A）（2分）。 材料导电的原因是因为材料内部有可以移动的带电载流子（1分），
16、因而材料的导电率大小是有载流子密度与载流子迁移率决定（1分），载流子可以是电子，也可以是正负离子（1分）。 聚合物的结构特点决定了，纯聚合物内部没有可以自由移动的电子，也不具有可以移动的离子（1分），另外载流电子也难以在聚合物链之间移动，所以大多数聚合物导电率是比较低的（1分）。 4要知识点： The methods chosen depend on severalfactors; the most important are the properties of the metal（1分）, the size and shape ofthe finished piece（1分）, and, o
17、f course, cost（1分）.Quite a variety of different techniques are employed in the forming of polymericmaterials.Fabrication of polymeric materials normally occurs at elevated temperaturesand often by the application of pressure（1分）.Molding is the most common method for forming plastic polymers. The sev
18、eralmolding techniques used include compression, transfer, blow, injection, and extrusionmolding（2分）. For each, a finely pelletized or granulized plastic is forced, at anelevated temperature and by pressure, to flow into, fill, and assume the shape of amold cavity（2分）.主要依赖于以下几个因素： 1. 金属的延展性（1分） 2. 金
19、属制品的尺寸与形状（1分） 3. 成本（1分） 聚合物成型是将各种形态的物料制成所需要形状制件的过程，成型方法很多，不仅具有铸造性，可焊性与切削加工性，还具有挤压，注射，压延，压制，中空吹塑，纺丝成型等方法。 聚合物加工特性（2分）聚合物材料的熔融特性，聚合物材料大多数成型操作有热软化或熔融的聚合物的流动和变形组成，所以熔融是聚合物材料加工的基本阶段，其温度要比金属低很多，容易操作。 聚合物流动特性（2分）。 主要经历：聚合物材料配制，聚合物材料成型与聚合物制品的后处理（1分）。 5 Solution:In covalent bonding stable electron configurat
20、ions are assumed by the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms.（1分） Ionic bonding is that Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence electrons to the nonmetallic atoms.（1分） Ionic bonding is termed nondirectional, that is, the magnitude of the bond is equal in all directions around
21、 an ion.（2分） The covalent bond is directional; that is, it is between specific atoms and may exist only in the direction between one atom and another that participates in the electron sharing.（2分） They may be though of as belonging to the metal as a whole, or forming a “sea of electrons” or an “elec
22、tron cloud.”（2分） 离子键是有原子核释放出最外层的电子变成带正电荷的原子（正离子），与接收其放出的电子变成带负电荷的原子（负离子）相互作用之间的吸引作用所形成的一种结合（2分）。 随着正负离子相互充分接近，离子的电子云有相互排斥，当吸引和排斥作用相等时，则形成稳定的离子键，离子键没有方向性与饱和性（2分）。 共价键是两个原子共有最外层电子的键合（1分） 。 为了实现共用电子云的最大重叠，这种键合既有饱和性，又有方向性（2分）。 金属键是通过各原子都贡献出其价电子而变成外层电子层的金属正离子,所有贡献出来的价电子则在整个晶体内自由运动,这些价电子为所有金属原子共用.三、计算题（30
23、分） 1 Solution:Mn=mn-4分 =426789-3分 =-3分 2 Solution:= (nA)/(VcNA)-4分 Vc=(nA)/ (NA)-3分 = (691.22)/ (6.516.0231023)-2分 =1.410-28m3-1分 3 Solution:ue=ud/=100m/s/500v/m=0.2m2s-1v-1.3分 4分 =310181.610-190.22分 =0.096(m)-11分 4 Solution:(a) Xm=M/H2分 =3.2105/50.1分 =64001分 (b) ur= Xm+1=6401.2分 U= uru0.2=64011.251
24、0-6.1分 =810-3H/m.1分 2007-2008学年第一学期末考试试题（B卷） 一、填空题（20分）每空0.5分1 Each atom consists of a very small composed of and , which is encircled by moving .2 The disfigurement in materials includes: ， ， and according their outer properties. 3 The phenomena of , , and may be applied to thepassage of light thro
25、ugh a transparent solid4 according to the type of atom in main chain of polymer, the polymer include the five type as shown following: ， , ， ， 。 5 Two common shaping techniques are utilized for forming clay-based compositions:? and .6 one way of classifying solid materials is according to the ease w
26、ith which they conduct an electric current; within this classification, there are three groupings: , , and .7 Two of the most important of absorption are and 。8 semiconductor include： and according the conducted mechanism. And extrinsic semiconductors include： ， 。 9 according the composition of mate
27、rials, material include: ， ， ， 。 10 according the process of polymerization, the polymerization include ， ， ， 。 11 according the wavelength, electromagnetism radiation include ， ， ， ， 。 得分 二、问答题（40分）每题8分1 Offer an explanation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally less densethan ionical
28、ly or metallically bonded ones2 Why lots of materials appear color?3 Briefly describe the phenomenon of passivity. ?Name two common types of alloy that passivate?4 What is the distinction between matrix and dispersed phases in a composite material? 5 what characteristic are the polymer composition a
29、nd structure and briefly describe the process of polymer materials. 得分 三、计算题（40分）每题10分1 The magnetization within a bar of some metal alloy is 3.2105 A/m at an H field of 50 A/m.Compute the magenetic flux density within the materials.2 A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy having a plane strain fracture t
30、oughness of 40MPa/m-1/2 is exposed to a stress of 800Mpa. Will this specimen experience fracture if it is known that the largest surface crack is 0.6mm long? Why or why not? Assume that the parameter Y has a value of 1.0. 3 A relatively large plate of a glass is subjected to a tensile stress of 30 MPa. If the maximum
