1、Wines of France,Map of France,Quality Gradings,French wines are divided into two categories,table wine and quality wine.法国的葡萄酒被分成两大种类,餐桌酒和高品质葡萄酒.“Quality Wine Produced in a Specified Region”or QWPSR.高品质的葡萄酒产地是被指定的.All quality wines are subject to controls on the area of production,type of grape vari
2、eties,permitted minimum alcoholic content and methods of viticulture and vinification.所有高品质葡萄酒的生产和酿制过程都受到严格的监控,包括葡萄的品种,最低的酒精标准,葡萄的栽培技术和酿酒工艺,等等.,Quality gradings,Table wine 餐桌酒Vin de table.Lowest category.最低的级别 Produced anywhere in the country,often blend.They are simple,everyday drinking wines,usual
3、ly made for early consumption.葡萄酒和葡萄品种可以来自法国的任何地方,经常是混合型的,比较容易入口,可以每天都饮用.(b)Vin de pays Table wine with specific regional characteristics,will state the name of the area of production.Grapes grown in region but not native will be called vin de pays.有了明确的区域性产地,但葡萄不属于这个产地的特有品种.,Quality gradings,Qualit
4、y wine高品质葡萄酒At the heart of the regulations governing its production is the fact that the wine in the bottle must come from the geographical area stated on the label.瓶中的葡萄酒必须来自酒标上所标明的规定的产地.VDQSvin delimite de Qualite Superieure Is the lower category of quality wines.The controls on vine varieties,yi
5、eld and winemaking methods are stricter than for vin de pays.高品质葡萄酒中最低的级别,对葡萄树的种植,产量,酿酒方式的监控都要比VDP严格的多.AC-Appellation d Origine Controlee This is the highest category of French wine,and consequently,controls for AC are the most stringent.Many wines originally given VDQS classification have been prom
6、oted to AC status.法国葡萄酒的最高级别,也是控制的最严得的,很多葡萄酒最初是VDQS,后来慢慢的才晋升成AC级别的.Yield is also controlled the quality！产量同时也控制着质量！,Bordeaux Produces,(a)Tannic red wines needing time to mature.Tannic ages the wine well.高但宁的葡萄酒需要长时间成熟,但宁也使葡萄酒具有较好的陈年潜质.(b)Lighter red wines made for early drinking.清淡一些的红葡萄酒适合早期饮用.(c)V
7、ery fine sweet white wines.世界顶级的甜葡萄酒.(d)Dry white wine,mostly,though not always,for drinking young.大多数干白葡萄酒适合年轻时饮用.,Bordeaux Climate,Bordeaux tends to have a mild and humid climate,influenced by the sea and rivers.受海洋和河流的影响,波尔多倾向于温暖湿润的气候.Bordeauxs winters are temperate and there are warm,long summer
8、s.波尔多的冬季不是很冷,夏季长而温暖.,Bordeaux Soil,They are many types of soil but in general it is gravel,clay or sand over a sub-soil of limestone.多样化的土壤类型表层以沙砾,粘土和沙地为主,底层以石灰石为主.,Bordeaux Grapes,The red wines are made principally from three varieties which are blended together to give final style.红葡萄酒大多是三种葡萄混合酿制的
9、.Cabernet Sauvignon(Medoc and Graves)and Cabernet Franc give high tannin and acidity to the wine and an aroma that suggests blackcurrants.C-S和C-F可以给葡萄酒提供较高的单宁和酸度,常带有一些黑醋栗的味道.Merlot(St-Emilion and Pomerol),higher alcohol,has a softer taste and less tannin than the Cabernet grapes.They are easy to dri
10、nk when young.M,酒精度偏高,单宁偏低,比较柔和,适合年轻时饮用.,Bordeaux Grapes,The white wines are made predominantly from a blend of two white grape varieties.白葡萄酒大多是以两款白葡萄品种混合酿制的.Sauvignon Blanc,a grape giving high acidity and good fruit.S-B带有较好的果香味道,酸度偏高.Semillon,a thin skinned grape,easily attacked by noble rot,the b
11、asis of the sweet wines.葡萄皮比较薄,比较容易感染贵族霉,是酿制甜酒的主要葡萄品种.,The appellations of Bordeaux,The general Appellation is:Bordeaux AC or Bordeaux Superieur AC(is for wines achieving a higher degree of alcohol).总的名称是:Bordeaux AC 或 Bordeaux Superieur AC（葡萄酒达到较高的酒精度数）Medoc AC:Medoc falls into two parts,its southe
12、rn part,which produces higher quality wines,is called the Haut-Medoc.Medoc被分成两部分,南面的部分被称为Haut-Medoc,生产较高品质的葡萄酒.All Medoc AC and Haut-Medoc AC wines are red.Medoc 和 Haut-Medoc 所有的AC都是红葡萄酒.,The appellations of Bordeaux,The Haut-Medoc is the district famous for its great,tannic,long-lived wines made wi
13、th a high percentage of Cabernet.These wines are usually sold under the names of the Chateaux where the grapes are grown.Haut-Medoc以出产高品质,单宁强劲需要长时间成熟的葡萄酒而著称.主要的葡萄品种以C-S为主.酒的名字大多以城堡命名.The Bordeaux outstanding chateaux were divided into five levels of excellence.Four chateaux(with a fifth added in 197
14、3),the greatest of all,were given the designation“premier cru”or first growth.波尔多的城堡在1855年时被划分成5个等级.Many other very good wines from chateaux in the Medoc were later classified as cru bourgeois.These can be of excellent quality,sometimes rivalling lesser cru classe wines.Medoc地区还有一些高品质的葡萄酒被划分到cru bou
15、rgeois这个级别.这些酒的品质非常高,有时甚至可以和第一级别的葡萄酒相媲美.,The appellations of Bordeaux,There are four main communes in the Medoc,they are:Medoc地区有四个主要的公社,他们是:St Estephe,St Julien,Pauillac,MargauxRemember that a wine described simply as AC Margaux is a wine of the commune.The wine Chateaux Margaux however,is a single
16、 vineyard wine from within that commune.Its Appellation is also AC Margaux.如果酒标上标明AC Margaux,那么它的葡萄必须来自这个公社.,The appellations of Bordeaux,Graves AC:“graves”means gravel,and the soil has given its name to this district.Both have red and white,often labeled as“Graves”without any chateaux name.土壤给了产地名称
17、,生产红白葡萄酒,通常不标明城堡,只标明“Graves”Northern part-more red wine,Pessac-Leognan.北部的Pessac-Leognan 以生产红葡萄酒为主.Southern part-more white wine,dry and intended for early drinking.南部生产适宜年轻时饮用的干白葡萄酒.,The appellations of Bordeaux,Sauternes AC(Chateau dYquem)The AC here only for sweet wines,dry wines must be sold as
18、Bordeaux blanc.本地区的AC全部是甜葡萄酒,干白只能标Bordeaux blanc.The best sweet wines are made from grapes affected by noble rot.When gathered,these grapes yield a small amount of very concentrated juice with high sugar.本地区最好的甜葡萄酒是用感染了贵族霉的葡萄酿制成的,这样的葡萄产量较低,糖分十分集中.At the end of the fermentation,when the yeasts can no
19、 longer work because the alcohol level has become too high,there is still a high amount of natural sweetness left in the wine.发酵的最后阶段,酵母无法继续工作,因为酒精杀死了酵母.但是葡萄酒中还有大量的糖分留下.,The appellations of Bordeaux,Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux ACAcross the river Garonne from Graves lies a small district called Premi
20、eres Cotes de Bordeaux.The wines of this AC are mostly red but some white is also made,usually medium sweet in style.从Graves 穿过加仑河有一个小的产区被称为Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux.他的AC大多是红葡萄酒,也有一些白葡萄酒,通常是半甜型的.Entre-Deux-Mers ACThis AC is for dry white wine only.The wines are produced in a large area,lying betwe
21、en the rivers Garonne and Dordogne.Red wines are also produced,labeled simply as AC Bordeaux.本地区在两条河的三角地带,AC 只对干白而言,红葡萄酒只能标明AC Bordeaux.,The appellations of Bordeaux,St-EmilionThe most important grape in the blend is the merlot,giving wines which are rich in flavour,less tannin.(Premiers grand crus
22、classes:Chateau Ausone and Chateau Cheval Blanc)以merlot 为主,使葡萄酒的味道十分丰富,单宁较低.PomerolThis is a small commune on a plateau adjoining St-Emilion.The most famous estates of Pomerol are Chateaux Petrus and Le Pin.These tiny vineyards produce very small quantities of wine each year,and regularly command hi
23、gher prices than even first growths of the Medoc.这是在St-Emilion隔壁的较高的山坡上的一个小的公社,最有名的两个酒庄时Petrus和Le Pin,其酒品质较高,但产量却很小,因此价格非常昂贵.,Chapter four,Wines of France-Burgundy,Map of France,Burgundy history,When the wines of Bordeaux were hardly known,Burgundy was drunk by kings and courtiers and highly prized
24、by foreign connoisseurs like Thomas Jefferson.当波尔多的葡萄酒还鲜为人知的时候，波根地的葡萄酒就已经成为王公贵族的杯中佳酿，当然也包括国外的一些葡萄酒爱好者，像托马斯.杰斐逊.Today,demand for the greatest Burgundian wines far outstrips supply.如今，葡萄酒爱好者对波根地佳酿的需求已经超过了供应.,Burgundy history,The region produces dry red and white and some sparkling wine.In total it pro
25、duces about one third that of Bordeaux.波根地酿造干红，干白，和一部分汽酒，总的产酒量之占波尔多的1/3左右.The vineyards of Burgundy are very fragmented,with many people owning a small part of a famous vineyard.(Clos de Vougeot have more than 80 separate plots.Consequently there are many wines bearing the same name but of varying q
26、uality and differing prices.)波根地的葡萄园非常的零散，有些著名的庄园甚至会被几十个主人拥有.,Burgundy Climate,Being an inland region,Burgundy has hot summers but severe winters,with frost being a major hazard.This type of climate is called“continental”.波根地处在法国的内陆地区，属于大陆性气候，夏季炎热，冬季寒冷，霜冻给本地区的葡萄种植也带来了很大的难度.,Burgundy Soil,The soil va
27、ry between the districts,but the most important are as follows:土壤随着地域的不同也有很大的改变.Clay and Limestone-Cote dOrCote dOr地区主要是粘土和石灰石土壤.Granite-BeaujolaisBeaujolais地区以花岗岩土质为主.,Grapes Variety,Burgundys great wines exist thanks to the adaptation of just one grape variety to the multiple and diverse terroirs
28、on the Burgundian slopes.波根地之所以可以酿制如此美味的佳酿，除了它多样化的terroirs外，还要归功于两款伟大的葡萄.n Pinot Noir for the great red wines n Chardonnay for the great white winesOn a regional level two other varieties exist:,Aligot for a part of the generic white wines.Gamay for a part of the generic red wines,n,n,The Classifica
29、tion,The classification of the appellations is linked to the terroirs:分级制度与Terroir紧密相连.The richer and more complex the terroir:the higher up it is located in the hierarchical system of appellations,and the lower its authorised production.Terroir 越是丰富，复杂，级别相应的就会越高.只有经过严厉的审核才会被批准n This classification
30、is includes 4 categories,Understanding Burgundys AOC labels,The Village appellations:name of the village of origin:Beaune or Meursault or Gevrey-Chambertin.etc The Regional appellations:name of the Burgundian region:Bourgogne Pinot,Bourgogne Chardonnay,Bourgogne Aligote etc,The Grand Cru appellation
31、s:only the name of the parcel classified as grand cru,which is sufficient to express the prestige of the cru in question:Chambertin,Corton-Charlemagne,Montrachet etcThe Premier Cru appellations:name of the village where the premier cru is located,as well as the name of the parcelclassified as premie
32、r cru:Meursault Genevrires,Volnay Caillerets,Beaune Teurons etc,2,1,4,3,1,2,3,4,Grand cru,Premier cru,Village,Regional,The Classification,Village,Regional,(generic),Grand cru,Premier cru,4,3,2,1,1,2,3,4,Grand cru,Premier cru,Village,Regional,The Classification,The appellations of Burgundy,(a)Generic
33、 普通名称 Bourgogne RougeBourgogne BlancBourgogne Aligote 波根地红,白或后面跟葡萄的名称.(b)District 区域名称 Some wines take the Appellation of their districts,e.g.Beaujolais or Cote de Beaune 有些葡萄酒会选择他们所在区域的名称来命名.(c)Commune 公社/村庄名称 The districts are divided into communes,wines produced entirely from grapes grown in a particular commune,can take that Appellation,e.g.Meursault AC,Gevrey-Chambertin.区域下设公社/村庄,如果葡萄生长在公社/村庄
