1、考研2一 省略结构 1. 并列结构中的省略 (1) 在并列句中，后面的分句往往省略和上文重合的部分。 I think youll win the race; indeed we all think so. (so 代替youll win the race) (2)and 的省略要学会 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled ove
2、r the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in 30-minute surgical procedure. (2003, text4)据说，在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大死亡是不可避免的，在加州死亡是可以选择的。这种说法并不奇怪。在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎增长了一倍。髋骨坏了可以换，临床忧郁得到了控制，白内障通过30分钟的手术便可以切除。 As families move away from their stable comm
3、unity, their friends of many years, their extended family relationship, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. (1995, text3) 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要
4、时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。2. 状语从句中的省略结构，省略从句中的主语和系动词 If ( it is ) necessary, we can do it once again. He lay there an hour ago as if (he was) dead. Be sure not to lose confident when ( you are ) confronted with difficulties. The success he achieved in sports is greater than ( it was )expected. The speaker c
5、laimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as the united states does.演讲者声称没有其他现代国家像美国这样在公共援助和卫生方面投入这么少的财富。 （so 代替devotes its wealth to public assistance and health)3. 名词从句中的省略 在名词从句中，常见的省略方式是使用不定式，在主动表达中省略动词的施动者，在被动表达中省略助动词、情态动词。 Not k
6、nowing what appropriate measures to be taken to cope with the situation, he wrote to his lawyer for advice. 不知道采取什么恰当的措施来应对这种情况，于是他写信给律师寻求建议。 （what appropriate measures to be taken= what appropriate measures should be taken) Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advi
7、ce to accept are questions facing many people today. 去哪里寻求专家信息，如何决定接受哪些专家建议，这是现在许多人面临的问题。 （ Where to turn for expert information = where they turn for expert information; which expert advice to accept=which expert advice they will accept)4. 定语从句中的省略 当用as 引导定语从句时，常省略系动词。 He gave the same answer as (h
8、e had given) before. 他的回答如前。 I hope all the precautions against air pollution, as (are) suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.我希望政府提出的所有对于空气污染的预防措施在这里都将得到认真考虑。二 倒装结构 部分倒装1. only + 状语（状语从句）位于句首时的部分倒装 Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem. 只有这样，
9、你才能想出解决这个问题的办法。 Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. 直到最近，语言学家才开始研究与自己母语不同的语言。 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduc
10、t of the in conduct of the institution. 人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。2. 含有否定意义的状语位于句首时的部分倒装 Seldom in all my life have I met such a brave man. 我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人。Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视之前从
11、没有像在欧洲近来发生的事件中那样连接着不同的民族和国家。at no point 在任何时候都不 not onlybut alsoat no time 在任何时候都不 not until 直到才by no means 绝不in no case 在任何情况下都不in no way 绝不in no sense绝不hardly when 一就no soonerthan 一就scarcelywhen一就3. 以某些副词和短语开头的句子的部分倒装 当often, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a p
12、oint, many a time等这些表示程度或频率的副词位于句首时，句子要倒装。 Often did we ask her not to be late for school. 我们经常告诉她上学不要迟到。 Many a time has he given me good advice. 他曾是多次给我提出了非常好的建议。4. so 或as 位于句首时的部分倒装。 （1）当前一句是肯定表达，后一句表达的情况与前一句相同时，后一句可用so 或者as 开头，构成部分倒装。 The worlds three top central bankers are all close to the top
13、 of alphabet. As are the worlds five richest men.世界三大央行行长姓氏的首字母都接近字母表的开头部分，世界五大富豪也是如此。 （2）当so表示对上一句的认同和强调，理解为“地球”、“一定”时，尽管位于句首，也不构成倒装。 You say he is diligent. And so he is. 你说他很勤奋。确实如此。 （3）用于asso结构，表示“像那样，也.”，后一句常用倒装。 Just as first impressions are memorable, so are last impressions. 正如第一印象令人难忘一样，最后的
14、印象也同样令人难忘。 5. neither 或者nor位于句首时的部分倒装当前一句为否定表达，后一句也表示否定意义时，后一句可以用neither 或者nor开头，构成部分倒装。They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we.他们现在没有为期末考试做准备，我们也没有。Americans no longer expect public figures to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such c
15、ommand themselves.美国人不再期望公众人物对英语的运用技巧娴熟，文采飞扬，他们也不希望自己把英语掌握到这种程度。6. 比较状语从句的部分倒装as, than 引导的比较状语从句中，如果从句主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构。On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.总体而言，和没有抱负的学生相比，有抱负的学生在学业上成功的可能性更大。Far more Japanese workers expr
16、essed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，日本工人对工作表达不满情绪的人数要多的多。7. 让步状语从句中的部分倒装(1) as 或though 引导让步状语从句可构成部分倒装。这种倒装结构不是主谓倒装，而是将从句末尾的单词或词组提至句首，包括名词、动词原形、形容词或副词。此外though 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装是自愿的，即可倒装也可不到装；而as 引导的让步状语从句其倒装是强制的：Try as I
17、 might, I couldnt lift the stone.无论我使多大的劲，我也无法搬起那块石头。Impossible as it may seem, you have to fight for every dream.尽管似乎不可能，但你必须为每一个梦想努力奋斗。（2）no matter how (who), however 引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。 No matter how busy he is, he has to attend the meeting. 不管他有多忙，他都得出席会议。8. 虚拟语气条件句中的部分倒装 虚拟
18、语气条件句可以构成部分倒装。如果条件句中有were，had，should等助动词，可将if省略，而把were，had，should置于句首构成部分倒装。Were it to rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.Should you drop the glass, it would break.Had they not help us, we could not have done it successfully.完全倒装 1. there, here, then, now 等副词置于句首时完全倒装当there, here, then,
19、 now 等副词置于句首，且谓语是come, go, be 等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。There came another question.然后又有一个问题提出来了。Here is a troubled business that kept hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.这是一个处于困境的行业，一直在雇佣那些观点使客户非常恼怒的雇员。2. out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位的副词和拟声词位于句首时完全倒装。这
20、类句子比自然语序的句子更为生动、形象。但如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不能写成倒装句。Up shot the rocket into the air when the ten seconds countdown was over.当十分钟的倒计时结束的时候，火箭迅速升空。3. 介词短语作状语位于句首时完全倒装。有时为了强调而将作状语的介词短语放在句首，而将主语放在句末从而形成倒装，这种倒装句中的谓语多为以下不及物动词：come, lie, stand, walk等，且为全部倒装的形式。 With economic growth has come centralization of populat
21、ion. 随着经济的发展出现了人口的集中。4. there be 结构中的完全倒装There be 句型是完全倒装结构，句子真正的主语是be 后面的名词或相当于名词的词，there be 句型中的be 要与临近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。再者，there be 结构中除了动词be 以外，还可以使用其他动词，比如lie, stand, remain, live, follow, come, seem, appear等。There appear dimples on her cheeks when she smiles.她笑得时候，面颊上就露出一对酒窝。There once stood a lit
22、tle village by the river.河边曾经有过一个小村庄。5. 代词such作表语置于句首时的完全倒装。Such were the facts. 这就是事实。Such would be our home in the future. 这就是我们将来的家。6. 主系表结构中的完全倒装有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装，这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。Located here is the highest peak is Belgium, with an elevation of 694m.位于这里的是比利时的最高峰，高度为694米。Even more inc
23、redible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.更为不可思议的是孩子的大脑能够从周围混杂的声音之中分辨出语言的顺序，能够对语言的各个部分以新的方式分析、组合以及重新组合。真题回顾If the Internet had been invented at that time, Wild Bi
24、ll Donovan would have loved it. If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournaments, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngs
25、ter might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.三 分割结构1. 动词与宾语的分割 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.2. 名词与定语的分割As a logical consequence of this developmen
26、t, separate journals have now appeared aimedmainly towards either professional or amateur relationship.Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.四 强调结构 1.
27、 使用助动词do对谓语动词的强调，“的确”，“真的”，“确实” Science does provide us with the best available guide to the future. 科学的确给我们提供了未来的最好指导。2. 使用程度副词、形容词或短语的强调 I can never get used to eating this kind of food. How on earth did she manage that? 她究竟怎么办到的呢？ *在否定句中，使用no要比not的语气要强得多，有时使用带no的短语：by no means, in no wayWe should
28、 in no way be discouraged.This is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.这只是一种说法，这种说法决非毫无争议。3. (1).it is + 强调部分+ that/who “正是”Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in t
29、he database.（2004, text1)正是互动性允许访问者就可敲入一些和工作标准相关的关键词，如：地点、职位和薪水等等，然后当资料库里出现了相匹配的职位时，“代理”就会把这些信息用电子邮件发出去。 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.( 1998, text1)也许正是因为人类长期以来遭受旱涝摆布的痛苦，才使得他们制服洪水的
30、理想显得如此令人着迷。（at the mercy of 受的摆布， do ones bidding 使服从）It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.(2006, text2)RSC坚持认为正是这些戏迷给小镇带来了大量的收入，因为这些人在小镇住宿（有些人甚至住上四到五
31、晚上），一些给宾馆和饭店带来了大量的资金。Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.（2010，text3）然而根据两步流动理论，正是这些不出名的有影响力的人应该通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事来推动社会潮流。 It was during the same time
32、that the communications revolution speed up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. （2002，完形） 正是在同一时期，通讯革命加速发展，先从运输和铁路开始，紧接着是电报，电话，收音机和电影，直到20世纪的汽车和飞机。 4 .What 句型的强调句，由what引导主语从句，强调名词和形容词
