1、高考新题型高考英语概要写作指导 高一年概要写作指导 IWhat is a summary? A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details.牛津高阶英汉双解词典IIT
2、ips on summary writing While reading1.Is the passage a narration, exposition, argumentation or a description?2. Is there any topic sentence or key words? If so, underline them. While writing1. Structure1)Topic sentence*2)Main supporting points/evidence3)About 60 words2. Language1)To use your own wor
3、ds*2)To be concise (leave out the details; reduce the examples; simplify the descriptions; eliminate all repetitions.)3)To present the information fairly, not to give your own comments4)To use the third person to retell5)Tense(in accord with the original text)文体类型一：议论文 议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，因此写议论文的概要主要是找出
4、主题句（the topic sentences)、支撑句（supporting sentences）和结论句（conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。 Example 1: Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a me
5、ans to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a
6、 long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry , King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit(好处) of
7、dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved b
8、eyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their child
9、ren off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system(免疫系统). And the latter position is gaining some ground. (302 words)I.Reading 读：分析文章结构
10、和各部分内容：第一段有中心句There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 。 第二段有几个时间节点 in the early 16th century.By 1538.in 1546.Thus began a long time when.，在很长一段时间内，在欧洲范围内（需要从所给的英国和法国的例子概括），人们都认为dirt是好的，有助于预防疾病。第三段段首Though引出人们对dirt 观点的转变。Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. 最后一段第一句指出
11、，nowadays现在人们对dirt的态度还是有所不同。On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为接触dirt有助于增强免疫系统。II.Writing写1. 要点概括：Para1： People have mixed/various opinions towards dirt on our skin.Para2： For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
12、 或 that dirt was good for their health.Para3： People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago/in the 18th century. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.Para4： Some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.2.逻辑和衔接S
13、ample: 概要模板：论点论据（结论）People have mixed/various opinions towards dirt on our skin. For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People ha
14、ve been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However/ Still, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. 其中，However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. 改成倒装句也不会多出很多词，Only in the 18th century did people begin to c
15、hange their attitudes towards dirt. 概要的表达没有唯一答案，只要用规定的词数准确表达和原文一致的意义即可。但记住，不能照抄原文的句子！不能照抄原文的句子！不能照抄原文的句子！III.注意事项：a.客观 b.凝练 c.准确 IV. 结论：阅读理解很重要，词汇量和表达能力也很重要！文体类型二：记叙文 记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话(简称串联要素法)即可。当然, 不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素,但“某
16、人做了某事, 结果如何”是应当包括的。因此, 要写好概要, 须找到以下两个问题的答案：(1) 谁做了什么？(Who did what?)(2) 结果如何？(What was the result?)如果是夹叙夹议的文章, 还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育。下面以文为例来说明。A dad who stands tallAs the taxi pulls away, my father stands at the living room window looking out, watching me move off into the darkness, at 4:30 am. His grey
17、 hair is messy from sleeping.Moments ago, he got up to carry my suitcase for me, despite the fact that its the middle of the night. He set it down for me on the front step in the cold morning air.He thanked me for my cooking and for having traveled so far to spend the holiday with him. I told him th
18、at I worry about his loneliness and the sudden emptiness of the house, as he goes back to bed alone, to wake later, with no one there.“I have my projects,” he said, in the moments before I walked out the door.When I arrived 10 days ago, I felt the stillness in the house. It was quiet and lifeless. T
19、hen my brothers and I came and filled the rooms. But, now, theyre gone; I am the last to leave.As the taxi began to depart (离开), I watched the lights go off, but my father didnt leave. Even though he couldnt see me in the dark, he stood by the window watching, his figure framed by the window, beside
20、 the tree. It was a fresh tree. He buys one every year. Always, it is ready to decorate when we arrive.Like trees, my father endures (承受) hardships in life: the untimely (过早地) death of my mother years ago, and now his children have scattered (分散) far from home, our selfish choices taking us from one
21、 end of the country to the other. The life of the tree is short; my fathers is long and strong. But both of them are tall and straight.I watched him as he waited in the living room, where we sat, talked, had dinners, held our parties, watched the news, waited for the beauty of twilight (暮色) each lat
22、e afternoon and said goodbye.He stands still as the taxi pulls away.Are there tears in his eyes, as there are in mine?I cant wave from the taxi, as I abandon a parent to loneliness in the early morning darkness.I leave behind two trees: one with silver-grey hair, the other still freshly green.But I
23、havent the strength of either one. (373词)By SUZANNE STEWARTIReading 读1. what: 弄清楚文本有关内容和最关键的事件。本文看上去比较散，提到的内容很多：父亲生活的艰辛，我们一家人分散，父亲独居，父亲每年都买树来装饰，父亲在我心目中的形象就像高大挺拔的一棵树。由于作者复杂的情感，情感的暗线不好捕捉：我既感怀于父亲能够宽容地看待我们远离他在外地工作，敬佩他从不抱怨，哪怕是在晚年，总是表现出自己很独立的样子，又愧疚于自己抛弃了他，让他孤单一人；父亲一直站在窗口看着，他内心很舍不得。但文本的一条明线（文中虚线标注）却是比较好捕捉的
24、：凌晨，父亲送别我，帮我拿行李，一直站在窗口看着我离去。What: My father saw me off in the early morning.2.what(事件)发生的逻辑条件：who: my father & I why: My father lives alone. We came back to spend the holidays with him. when: in the early morningwhere: my fathers home分析的时候，要注意首先父亲独居，其次我们回来过假期，陪伴他，才有父亲送别女儿这一幕。送别时，父亲一直久久看着我，足见父亲舍不得，而我
25、内心复杂，更多的是愧疚，对我来说，“抛弃”父亲也是很难的。II. Writing 写1.人称: 原文用第一人称，因此概要用第一人称（the first person）写。当然，如果是转述，则用第三人称(the third person)。2.时态：因为叙述一件过去的事情，用的是过去时态。但原文第1段和倒数第1,2,3,4,5用的是现在时态，是因为作者描述的是分别的场面，写的是正当时（现在）的心情。其它的则是发生在刚才的，或者是回忆，用的是过去时态。综合，时态也要过去和现在穿插，或者大部分用过去时。3.逻辑，顺序：记叙文常常穿插很多细节，以及回忆的事件，作者会用倒叙写。但因为是概要，需要简短，记
26、叙文一般用时间顺序来写。 内容则要写到事件最关键的内容：My father saw me off in the early morning.把六要素串起来： (范文如下)Sample1My father lives alone in his house. My brothers and I went home for the holidays this year. When I was about to leave, my father insisted on carrying my suitcase and seeing me off. He stood in the living room
27、 for a long time as my taxi was leaving. （有的同学说，这里要补一句I felt my father was strong and straight like the tree he bought. （13词），以扣标题，可以，但要注意词数）Both my father and I were sad to say goodbye./ Both my father and I found it hard to say goodbye. （60词）Sample2 Since my mother died early, and we children work
28、 far from home, our father lives alone. This time we children went back to spend the holidays with our father. The early morning I was to leave, my father saw me off. He stood by the window watching my taxi leave. We both felt sad for my departure.（60词）III总结抓住事件发展的明线，注意人称，时态，概要顺序，把明线写出来。文体类型三：说明文Hum
29、an, dont come too closeWhen we see babies or pets, we cant help gently touching them to show our love. And they give us happy feelings back. But a recent study shows that its different for plants.A study, published in The Plant Journal, shows that plants dont “like” to be touched. Thats because touc
30、hing changes their genes (基因) and, even worse, can slow their growth.Professor Jim Whelan of the La Trobe Institute in Australia gave an explanation. “The lightest touch from a human, animal, insect, or even plants touching each other in the wind, leads to a huge gene change in the plant,” Science D
31、aily reported.In order to test the theory, the scientists did an experiment on plants. They grew a number of plants to the age of four weeks. Then they touched them with a paintbrush every 12 hours over a 36-hour period.They found that as a response to the touch, the mitochondria (线粒体) in the plants
32、 had been partly destroyed. The mitochondria, as Science Alert noted, are the “powerhouse of the cell (细胞)”. The mitochondria produce energy for the rest of the cell in both animals and plants.If this “powerhouse” is weakened, the plants will lose a large amount of energy that should have supported their growth.Whelan further explained to Science Daily, “If the touching is repeated, then plant growth is reduced by up to 30 percent.”Although the proce
