1、现代英语词汇学复习第一章 词的概述；1 识记：词的定义2 声音与意义识记：声音与意义的关系3 声音与拼写识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因4 词汇识记词汇的含义5 词汇的分类识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can funct
2、ion alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（ classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为 manage 和 -mentmisfortune 可以次划分为 mis- 和 fortuneblackmail 次划分为 black
3、和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ,no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between
4、 sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more an
5、d more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the
6、 language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the e
7、arly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching theEnglish vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音 ,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响
8、就是 sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by
9、an individual person. Classification of Words (本课的一个重点 )What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为： 1） Content wo
10、rd 2) Functional wordContent words are also known as notional words . (Content words的别称 )Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称 )Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),
11、* the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住 All national character的词 ,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, wo
12、man , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute.根据词的 use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作 None basicvocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )4) Ar
13、got e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是 girl 的 slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functio
14、nal words ?Answer : Content wordsWhat is native words?Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century bythe German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon w
15、ords.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫 borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words
16、or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entriesare borrowed.什么叫 Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well a
17、ssimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L). Denizens的例子都要记： Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from
18、 porc (F).什么叫 Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in theEnglish language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as, long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫 Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed
19、 with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ?joy? and ,music ?, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.6英语词汇的形成与发展1) 印欧语系的谱系关系a)
20、 识记：印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言。2) 英语词汇发展的历史回顾a) 识记：英语词汇发展的三个历史阶段：古英语词汇、中古英语词汇和现代英语词汇及其特点。3) 当代英语词汇发展的状况a) 识记：当代英语词汇发展的现状。b) 领会：词汇发展的主要原因。4) 词汇发展的方式识记：英语词汇发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新义、借用外来语词。领会：各种方式在现代英语词汇发展中的地位和作用The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language FamilyIt is assumed that the world
21、 has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . 重(点：语系划分的标准） What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic wo
22、rd stock 2. grammar (重点 )The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容： ) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. Indo-European 两大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western setEastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and AlbanianWestern set : Celtic, Italic , Hell
23、enic, Germanic.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian ,Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Language
24、s:Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English. With Vikings? invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have surviv
25、ed in modern English.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.重点句 : Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 ( early scripts)Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？
26、.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言， Modern English 又可以细划分为 early period ,modern period.* 现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 （重要的选择或填空内容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early mod
27、ern English period现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization )The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容 ) Growth of Present-day English VocabularyThree main sources
28、of new words :1)The rapid development of modern science and technology2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and languageModes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的 Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, ext
29、ension, narrowing, transfer外来词可以被称作 borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 . 重点句： borrowed words are also known as loaned words . 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English. 英语从
30、synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案： Modern English period文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段 ?答案： Early Modern English period在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English periodeasel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案： Middle English , Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言
31、进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案： Dutch据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少 ?答案： 50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是 (Anglo_Saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中， 如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的 Present - day English Vocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。Old English 和 Middle English 最大的 striking distinctio
32、n 存在于哪一个方面 ?答案： Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴， 这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响 ? 答案： Greek , Roman culture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段 ?答案： Modern English十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案： Printing这导致 sound and form 出现 concord , 出现 standardization.第二章 词的结构和词
