1、中考英语语法专项复习behave和dobe作助动词第十一章be， have和do be作助动词113 构成各种时态的形式及用法A 形式动词的主要变比形式：be，waswere，been动名词现在分词：being现在时：过去时：be作普通动词用时，各种变化均与上表所列相同。其他时态变化均与普通动词的变化一致。但be除了在被动语态中和第115节B中所述情况下可用进行式外，通常不用进行式。B 用于构成时态be用于进行式的主动形式：He is workingwill be working等be用于所有被动形式：He was follwedis being followed等注意：be可用于被动进行式：
2、主动：They are carrying him他们正抬着他。被动：He is being carried他正被抬着。（关于be与形容词连用于进行时，参见第115节B。）114 be不定式A be不定式结构，如 I am to go，是很重要的用法。它可以用于以下几个方面：1 传达命令或指示：No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police未经警方人员的允许，任何人不得擅自离开这所房子。（没有人能离开）He is to stay here till we return在我们回来之前他必须呆在这里。（他必须
3、留下）给出指示的这种语气比较超然，因而主要用于第三人称。与第二人称you连用时，它常常暗示说话人把别人所发出的指示传达给对方。请看以下两个句子：（a） Stay here， Tom留在这里，汤姆。（b）You are to stay here， Tom汤姆，要你留在这里。它们之间的区别在于：（a）句中是说话人要汤姆留在这里，而在（b）句中他只是把另一个人的要求转达给汤姆。在间接引语中自然就没有这种区别。be+不定式结构是可以用来表达间接命令的一种形式，尤其是在引导动词为现在时的情况下：He says，Wait till I come他说：“等到我来为止。”相当于：He says that we
4、 are to wait till he comes他说我们得等到他来为止。祈使句前面有一个从句时，也可以用这种形式：He said，If I fall asleep at the wheel wake me up他说，“如果我开车时打瞌睡，就把我叫醒。”He said that if he fell asleep at the wheel she was to wake him up他说，如果他在开车时打瞌睡，她必须把他叫醒。这种形式还用来把征询指示的请求变为间接引语：Where shall I put it，sir？he asked“先生，我把它放在什么地方？”他问道。相当于：He ask
5、ed where he was to put it他问他该把它放在哪里。（参见第318节B。）2 表达一种计划安排：She is to be married next month她预定在下个月结婚。The expedition is to start in a weeks time探险队预定在一周后出发。这种结构常用于新闻报导：The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow首相将在明天发表声明。在新闻标题中，be常被省略：Prime Minister to make statement tomorrow（译文同上。）过去时：He was t
6、o go当时他是预定去的。（不定式的一般式）He was to have gone他本来是预定要去。（不定式的完成式）第一句并没有告诉我们计划是否执行了，第二句则用来表示一个未实现的计划。又如：The Lord Mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night so the Lady Mayoress is doing it instead市长大人原订要来行奠基礼，可他昨天晚间病了，所以市长夫人替他代行。B waswere+不定式结构可用来表达一种“命运”的意念：He received a b
7、low on the head It didnt worry him at the time but it was to be very troublesome later他的头上挨了一下子。他当时不感到怎么样，但是这事后来竟变得很麻烦。（结果是很证明麻烦的）They said goodbye，little knowing that they were never to meet again他们相互道别，根本没有想到竟再也不能相见了。（命运注定不再相见）C be about+不定式结构表示即将发生的动作：They are about to start他们就要出发了。（他们正准备开门。）加上副词
8、just能使将来更加具有即时感：They are just about to leave他们马上就要离开了。这个句式同样也可以用于过去时：He was just about to dive when he saw the shark他当时正待扎进水里，却看到了鲨鱼。be on the point of+动名词与 be about+不定式意思相同，但比后者动作还要快一点。be 作普通动词形式：关于作助动词（参见第113节A。）115 be 表示存在，be+形容词A be通常用来表示人或物的存在，或提供有关情况：Tom is a carpenter汤姆是木匠。The dog is in the g
9、arden那只狗在花园里。Malta is an island马耳他是一个岛国。The roads were rough and narrow道路既崎岖又狭窄。Gold is a metal金是一种金属。Peter was tall and fair彼得身材高大，皮肤白皙。B be可以用来表示身体和精神状况：I am hotcold我感到热冷。He was excitndcalm他激动冷静。They will be happyunhappy他们会感到愉快不快。be和某些形容词例如quietnoisy，goodbad，wisefoolish等连用时可以用进行式，如Tom is being foo
10、lish（汤姆此刻正在说傻话或做傻事），意指主语此刻正在表现出这种特征。试把这个句子与Tom is foolish（汤姆很愚蠢）相比较。后一句意指汤姆在言谈和行动上总是愚蠢的。同理：The children are being quiet孩子们现在不吵不闹。相当于：They are playing quietly now他们在安静地玩着。但如果说The children are quiet，则可能意指孩子们平时总是安静地玩。另外一些形容词也可以用于进行式：annoyinggenerousmeancautiousrashhelpfulunhelpfulcleverstupidirritating
11、difficultmysteriouseconomicalextravagantoptimisticpessimisticformalpolitefunnyselfishunselfish其中有些形容词如 stupid，difficult，funny，polite等用于进行式时，可以意味着主语有意这样做。You are being stupid（你有意装傻）可以意指 You are not trying to understand（你不想努力弄懂）。He is being difficult（他故意犯别扭）通常意味着 He is raising unnecessary objections（他
12、正在提出一些不必要的异议）。He is being funny（他在故意做出滑稽可笑的样子）通常意味着He is only jokingDont believe him（他只是开玩笑，不要相信他）。She is just being polite（她只是做出有礼貌的样子）可能意指She is only pretending to admire your carclotheshouse等（她装做表示羡慕你的车子衣服房子等）。C 表示年龄：-How old are you？-I am tenI am ten years old-你多大岁数？-我十岁了。（但不能说：I am ten years）-H
13、ow old is the tower？-It is 400 years old-那座塔有多少年历史了？-它有400年的历史了。（在说明事物的年代多久时，必须用years old。）D 表示尺寸和重量：-How tall are you？What is your height？-I am 1.65 metres你有多高？我一米六五。-How high are we now？-Were about 20， 000 feet-我们现在的飞行高度是多少？-大约两万英尺。-What is your weight？What do you weigh？How much do you weigh？-I am
14、 65 kilosI weigh 65 kilos-你体重多少？-我65公斤。E 表示价格：-How much is this melon？What does this melon cost？-Its 1-这甜瓜怎么卖？-一英镑。The best sats are（cost）5最好的座位的票价是五英镑。116 there isarewaswere等A 表示不定的人或物的名词作动词be的主语时，通常用therebe+名词结构。可以说A policeman is at the door（门口站着一位警察），但通常说There is a policeman at the door（有一位警察站在门口
15、）。注意：虽然there像是主语，但真正的主语却是跟在动词之后的名词。如果该名词是复数，动词在数上就必须和它一致：There are two policemen at the door有两个警察站在门口。上述两种句子结构（即名词+be结构和therebe+名词结构）都是可行的，当be意为exist（存在）happen（发生）takeplace（发生）时there结构是必要的：There is a mistakeThere are mistakes in this translation这篇译文里有错误。这个句子不能改写成A mistake isMistakes are等。在下列句子中，例句之后
16、加（R）的表示there结构可被名词代词+动词结构代替：There have been several breakins this year今年发生了好几起强行入室盗窃事件。There will be plenty of room for everyone将有足够的房间分给大家。There were hundreds of people on the beach（R）海滩上有成千上万的人。B there同样也可以与someoneanyoneno onesomething等连用：Theresomeone on the phone for you（R）有你的电话。C therebesomethin
17、gnothinganything+形容词结构也是可以的：-Is there anything wrong（with your car）？（R）-No，there is nothing wrong with it（R）-（你的车）出了什么毛病吗？-不，没出什么毛病。Theres something oddstrange about this letter这封信有点奇怪。D 名词或someonesomething等后面可跟关系从句：Theres a film I want to see有部电影我想去看。Theres something I must say我有些话必须得说。或后面跟动词不定式：Th
18、eres nothing to do没事可干。（没我们干的事必须干的事。）（参见第250节。）E there结构可以与另一个助动词+be结构连用：There must be no doubt about this这一点不能含糊。There may be a letter for me大概有我一封信。或与seembe，appearbe连用：There seems to be something wrong here这儿好像有点不大对劲。F 以上这么用的there通常不重读。注意不要将有以上用法的there与当做副词用并带有重音的there搞混：Theres a man I want to see
19、那就是我想见的人。（他站在门口。）请比较：Theres a man I want to see我要见个人。（这个人存在。）117 it is和there is的比较关于it is的用法参见第67节。以下这些例子有助于防止把这两种形式混淆：A it is+形容词；there is+名词：It is foggyThere is a fog有雾。It was very wetThere was a lot of rain很湿。下了不少雨。It wont be very sunnyThere wont be much sun天气不会很晴朗。B it is与there is都可以表示时间和距离：It i
20、s a long way to York到约克路很远。There is a long way still to go还有很长的路要走。（我们还有好多英里的路程。）It is time to go home该回家了。（我们一般是6点回家而现在6点了。）There is time for us to go home and come back here again before the filmstarts在电影开演之前我们有时间先回家一趟再回到这里。（还有足够的时间）C there is+名词代词和用于识别人或物的 it is+名词代词的比较：There is someone at the do
21、orI think its the man to read the meters门口有个人。我想他是来抄（水、电等）表的。There is a key hereIs it the key of the safe？这里有一把钥匙。是开保险箱的吗？D 用于分裂句的it is（参见第67节D）以及there is的比较：It is the grandmother who makes the decisions做出决定的是老奶奶。（是老奶奶而不是家里的其他成员）and theres the grandmother，who lives in the grannyflat还有老奶奶，住在专用套房里的那位。
22、（有老奶奶其人）have作助动词118 构成各种时态的形式及用法A 形式主要变化形式：have，had，had动名词现在分词：having现在时：否定式的另一种缩略形式（主要用于完成时）： Ive not，youve not，hes not等否定疑问式：have I not？havent I？ have you not？ havent you？hashe not？hasnt he？等have的其他时态变化规则，与普通动词的相同。B 用于构成时态have与过去分词连用，构成以下时态：现在完成时：I have worked过去完成时：I had worked将来完成时：I willshall ha
23、ve worked条件完成时：I wouldshould have worked119 have+宾语+过去分词A想对 I employed someone to do something for me（我雇用了某人为我做事）这一类句子作更简洁的表达时，可以用这种结构：即不说 I employed someone to clean my car，而说 I had my car cleaned（我叫人擦了车子）。又如不说 I got a man to sweep my chimneys（这里got= paidpersuaded等），而说I had my chimneys swept（我叫人通了烟
24、囱）。注意必须用have+宾语+过去分词，否则意思就变了：He had his hair cut他理了发。相当于：He employed someone to do it他雇人理发。但是：He had cut his hair（过去完成时）他自己理了发。（在说话之前的某个时刻他自己给自己理了发）have这样用时，其否定式和疑问式的现在时和过去时都要用do来构成：-Do you have your windows cleaned evny month？-I dont have them cleaned；I clean them myself-你每月都要叫人擦窗户吗？-我不叫别人擦，我自己擦。He
25、 was talking about having central heating put inDid he have it put in in the end？他那会儿总说要找人装暖气。到底装上了没有？这种结构可以用于进行时态：I cant ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment这一周我不能请你来吃饭了，因为现在我正让人刷房子呢。While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car我（让人）做头发时，警察把我的汽车拖走
26、了。The house is too small and he is having a room built on房子太小了，他正叫人添盖一个房间。get能够像have一样用于上述句中，但更口语化。句中提到完成动作的那个人的时候，也可以用get：She got him to dig away the snow她让他把雪挖走。（她雇说服他）（have与不带to的不定式连用也能起同样的作用，如She hadhim dig away the snow。但在英国英语中get结构要常用得多。）B have+宾语+过去分词结构在口语中可以用来代替常表示意外或不幸遭遇的被动态动词。如 His fruit w
27、as stolen before hehad a chance to pick it（他树上的果子还没来得及摘就被人偷掉了）可由He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance topick it来代替。Two of his teeth were knoceked out in the fight（他的两颗牙在打架中被打掉了）可由He had two of his teethknocked out来代替。在本节A中，可以看到主语是命令别人做某事的人，而在这儿，主语则是承受行为结果的人。这里主语也可以是物：The houses had their ro
28、ofs ripped off by the gale房子被狂风掀掉了屋顶。这里也可以用get代替have：The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire猫坐得太靠近炉火，尾巴上的毛被烤焦了。120 had better+不带to的不定式这里had是指不真实的过去；其含义是现在或将来时：I hadId better ring him at oncetomorrow我最好还是现在明天就给他打电话。其否定式是在better之后加上not：You had better not miss the last bus你最好不要误了最
29、后一班公共汽车。（误了这趟车是不明智的或者我劝你提醒你不要误了这趟车。）had通常在代词后用缩略形式，在口语中有时轻读甚至弱读到将近听不到的地步。had better通常不用于普通的疑问式，但有时用于否定疑问式，作为一种劝告句式：Hadnt you better ask him first？你先问一下他不更好吗？相当于：Wouldnt it be a good thing to ask him first？是不是先问一下他比较好？you had better是一种很有用的劝告句式：You had better fly你最好是乘飞机走。（我劝你乘飞机走。）在间接引语中，had better与第一
30、、第三人称连用时保持不变，与第二人称连用时可以保持不变，或者转述为advise+宾语+不定式：He said，I had better hurry他说：“我最好快一点。”相当于：He said（that）hed better hurry他说他最好快一点。He said，Ann had better hurry他说：“安最好快一点。”相当于：He said（that）Ann had better hurry他说安最好快一点。He said，Youd better hurry他说：“你最好快一点。”相当于：He said（that） Id better hurry他说我最好快一点。He advised me to hurry他劝我快一点。121 have+宾语+现在分词A 这种说法常常和表示将来某段时间的短语连用：Ill have you driving in three days我将使你在三
