1、新课程高考英语专题复习考点总结详解版语法专题突破词法篇名词语法专题突破词法篇名词重温高考考向1名词的数与格.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _causes_(cause)解析：考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步
2、，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。空格处做from的宾语，前面有all可知，要用名词复数形式。故填causes。2(2018浙江卷)Making Chinese _dishes_(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 解析：考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。3(2017全国)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended s
3、ide _effects_(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。4(2017全国)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for
4、just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _crowds_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。5(2017全国)She has turned down several _invitations_(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：several几个，其后
5、的可数名词要用复数形式。6(2017浙江)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _carrots_(carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：a handful of一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。7(2016全国)The nursery team switches him every few _days_(day) with his
6、 sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mumshe never suspects.解析：few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days每隔几天。8(2016全国)Recent _studies_(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.解析：根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。9(2016四川)Any smell might att
7、ract natural _enemies_(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.解析：句意为：任何气味都可能引来天敌它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。10(全国)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _paint
8、ings_(painting)解析：many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2017全国)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”_wordwords_解析：根据后面引号内的内容可知word应该用复数形式words。2(2017全国)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet._informationsinformation_解
9、析：information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3(2016全国)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._knowledgesknowledge_解析：knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。4(2016全国)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._yearyears_解析：此处指1319岁的年龄段，故用复数。5(2016四川)Mom
10、has a fulltime job, but she has to do most of the houseworks._houseworkshousework_解析：housework是不可数名词，没有复数形式。6(全国)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier._airsair_解析：由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。句中的be动词is也是提示。故把airs改为air。7(四川)As I told you last time, I made thr
11、ee new friend here._friendfriends_解析：名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰。需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。8(浙江)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass._sidesides_解析：名词side为可数名词，且前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。9(新课标全国)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of c
12、lothes._friendfriends_解析：根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friends)时，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改friends。10(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. _chickenchickens_解析：考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。考向2词形变换之名词.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)This sw
13、itch has decreased _pollution_(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析：考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。2(2018全国卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a _scientist_(science)who studies animals such as apes and
14、monkeys. 解析：考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。3(2018浙江卷)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _weight_(weigh) problems.解析：考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。4(2017全国)This development was only possible with the _introduc
15、tion_(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.解析：空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。5(2017全国)She is determined to carry on with her _education_(educate)解析：形容词性物主代词 her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是education。6(2016全国)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new
16、 hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _attraction_(attract)解析：空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7(2016全国)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _achievement_(achieve)解析：介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。8(2016全国)Some people think that the great Chinese
17、 scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the _development_(develop) of chopsticks.解析：空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9(全国)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _ability_(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
18、解析：形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。10(2018全国卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _strengthen_(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 解析：考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符号，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2016全国)My uncle tell
19、s me that the key to his success is honest._honesthonesty_解析：由句意“他成功的关键是诚信”可知应当用名词形式。2(新课标全国)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry._growgrowth_解析：定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。考点精析考点一名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示若干个人或物的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、
20、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称考点二名词的核心考点1可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriendboyfriends, gobetweengobetweens(中间人)，grownupgrownups; passerbypassersby, lookeronlookerson; woman doctorwomen doctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现
21、，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of, many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤， jeans牛仔裤， pajamas睡衣， pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤， socks短袜， stockings长袜， trousers裤子，glasses眼镜， chopsticks筷子， compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an, a pair of等修饰，只能用many,
22、 a great many, a lot of等修饰。如：belongings所有物， congratulations祝贺， contents目录， earnings收入， fireworks烟火， goods商品， leavings剩余物， pains辛劳，spirits情绪， savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle, police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery；有些名词既可用作
23、单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour赢得荣誉an hono
24、ur一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a nov
25、el.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡， a coffee一杯咖啡， three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料， a drink一杯饮料， three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发， a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃， a glass一只玻璃杯。3名词所有格(1)s所有格the boys mother, the childrens toys, the
26、 teachers books, Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用), Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house, the cover of the book, the name of the girl, a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends), a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)(4)s所有格的特殊表示
27、形式有：用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Toms home, the doctors, the companys new factory等。用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive), five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the worlds population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有关系Jacks brother表主
28、谓关系Mr Wangs praise表动宾关系the famous stars admirers表修饰关系a doctors degree表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.My brother is a worker.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。分类意义air polluti
29、on空气污染coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk接待台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位语Tom, our monitor, left school
30、last year.考点三名词与其他词类的词性转化1动词变名词的后缀al表示人，物，行为：(特殊：去eal)approve赞成approval赞成survive幸存survival幸存arrive到达arrival到达refuse拒绝refusal拒绝propose提议proposal提议；建议ance/ence表示性质、状态或行为：appear出现appearance出现；外貌perform表演performance表演exist存在existence存在prefer较喜欢preference偏爱refer参考；查阅reference参考；查阅depend依靠dependence依赖；依靠guide指引guidance引导；指导ion/tion/ation表示状态或行为；direct指挥；指导direction方向；指导expect期待expectation期待；期望explain解释explanation解释invite邀请invitation邀请；请柬solve解决solution解决compete竞争competition比赛；竞争pronounce发音pronunciation发音describe描述description描写repeat重复repetition重复s(s)ion表示行为或状态：discuss讨论discus
