1、高一英语必修三语法复习高一英语必修三语法复习被动语态 二. 重难点讲解：高一英语必修三中的主要语法点有：被动语态，动词不定式和定语从句，另外还涉及了主谓一致、间接引语及连接词的用法。被动语态专题复习（一）被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：（1）am/is/are +done （过去分词） 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2）has /have been done 现在完成时例Al
2、l the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here.（4）was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.（5）had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasi
3、um had been completed in Beijing.（6）was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.（7）shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.（8）should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.（9）shall/will have
4、 been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.（10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结
5、构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（4）在使役动词have
6、, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off
7、till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时态）。例I dont like being laughed at in the public. （二）如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省 by 短语）。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I sho
8、uld accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了） （三）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说，It is repor
9、ted that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ） （四）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，op
10、en，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock. （指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about
11、, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Your reason sounds reasonable. （五）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1. 在need，want，require, hear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动
12、意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading.（The picture-book is very worthy to be read.）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of
13、things to do this afternoon.（to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。）试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。）4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interestin
14、g等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5. 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive （for me）to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost t
15、ime不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? （六）介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, und
16、er repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction（is being constructed）.2.“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief （令人难以置信）， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be bel
17、ieved）.3.“above+名词”结构，表示“（品质、行为、能力等） 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.4.“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale（出售）, for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5.“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight（在视野范
18、围内），等。例The book is not yet in print.（=is not yet printed）6.“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale（出售），on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7.“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control （控制不了），out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach（够不着）, out of
19、 fashion（不流行）等。例 The plane was out of control （cant be controlled）. 。8.“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission. （七）被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例The glass is bro
20、ken. （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy. （被动语态）2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例The door is locked. （系表结构）The door has already/just been locked.（被动语态）3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired. 【典型例题】1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析（1） In some parts of the world, tea _
21、with milk and sugar. （NMET1993）A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served（2） This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.（NMET2002）A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing（3） Have you moved into the new house? Not yet, the rooms _. （NMET1991） A.
22、 are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting（4）When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided（5）The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths
23、of the tickets _.（上海春2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked答案：BCADB 2. 高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。（1）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET2002）A.
24、 to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen（2）While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海1996）A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded（3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海2002）A. is to blame B. is going to bl
25、ameC. is to be blamed D. should blame答案：BCA 练一练：1. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to2. What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky
26、that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caughtC. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked5. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teaching答案：DCCDB 【模拟试题】1
27、. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner.A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；haveC. do not keep；will have to D. do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developed B. have developedC. are
28、 being developed D. will have been developed3. _ the sports meet might be put off.Yes，it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive toldC. Im told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and b
29、urned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass
30、 of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set upD. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars.A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. Look! Everything here is under construction.Whats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been builtC. is built D. is buildi
