1、文献引证参考文献引用的规范，一般偏重人文学科的使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）规范。引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。引用文献现通常采用页内注，例如：Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).引用文学作品和经典文献在引用小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码。按MLA的规
2、范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如： In his famous advice to players, Shakespeares Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。）在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When Homers O
3、dysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：第一次引用：(lines 5-8)以后的引用：(12-13)在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One of Kingsolvers narrators, teenager Ra
4、chel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使
5、用。）参考文献著录的格式参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited。著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.两位或两位以上的作者写的文章Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer
6、.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book） Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍Graff
7、, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.两位或两位以上的作者写的书籍 Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1979.再版书（Book with a new edition）Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.编撰的
8、书籍（Edited book）Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1988.翻译的书籍（Translated book）Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.著录汉语著作和文章如果在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语
9、拼音标明作者的姓氏，相应的，参考文献著录的条目必须按作者姓氏汉语拼音的字母顺序与英文文献的条目一同排列。条目中凡正文中未加引用的内容均不必翻译。例如： Wang, Shouren 王守仁，现代化进程中的外国文学与中国社会现代价值观的构建. 外国文学评论，2004，（4）：99-104Zhang, Zhijian. 张志健，严复思想研究. 桂林：广西师大出版社，1989引用中文期刊文章，必须标明文章出现的页码。条目中的汉语不得使用斜体。著录网络出版物著录网络出版物必须标明出版物的上传日期和论文撰写人上网查询的日期（date of retrieval），标明网址。条目中网址如需断开换行，必须在“/
10、”之后或者“.”之前，网址中不得出现空格。网络期刊（online journal）上的文章（1）纸印期刊的电子版：Bleich, Eric. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct. 1998): 6 pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College 2 Aug. 2003 .该例中，“6 pp.”表示文章有6页，“Expande
11、d Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”为网页名称，“2 Aug. 2003”为论文撰写人上网查询的日期。 报纸电子版中的文章Verhovek, Sam Howe. “Microsofts Might Be Better Than One.” The New York Times. 1 May 2000. 3 June 2001 .来自网络讨论区（online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group）的信息著录来自网络讨论区的信息，如果作者提供了真实姓名，则条目必须使用其真实姓名，否则使用作者在讨论区使用的姓名。条目必须提供信
12、息上传的具体日期、讨论主题（subject line）等。Stevens, Melissa. “Take Our Daughters to Work Day.” Online posting. 24 Apr. 2001. Career and Workplace Issues Forum. 2 May 2001 网络上的参考资料（Online reference source） “Fresco.” Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 May 2000 .注意：本例中“Vers. 98.2”为
13、版本，“April 1998”为出版日期，“Encyclopedia Britannica”为出版人。 参考文献的排列参考文献的排列在MLA的规范里须遵循以下规则：（1）文献条目按作者或第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，如： Cressy, David. Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Nobles, Gregory H. American Frontiers: Cultural Encoun
14、ters and Continental Conquest. New York: Hill, 1997.Said, Edward W. Orientalism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978. （2）同一作者的多篇文献，由远及近排列，第二篇开始用三个连字符“-”替代姓名，如：Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957.-, ed. Design for Learning: Reports Submitted to the Joint
15、Committee of the Toronto Board of Education and the University of Toronto. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1962.-, The Double Vision: Language and Meaning in Religion. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1991. Final-term PaperTopic: Write a critical analysis of Robinson CrusoeDue: December 31 , 2009Length: About 800
16、words (at least two pages). Dont retell the story. Please formulate an argument of your own and find significant details to support it. Make efforts to write correct and idiomatic English.请同学们注意英文体例：1) For the title of a short story or a poem, quotation marks are used; and the title of a novel or pl
17、ay is italicized or underscored, e.g., Araby, Ode to the West Wind, Great Expectations, Macbeth.2) Use simple present tense to narrate the plot of the story.3) Adopt third person point of view and avoid overuse of personal expressions such as I think, I believe, and I like the story.4) Comments by c
18、ritics help you to enhance your argument, but you must give their sources to avoid plagiarism, that is, you must indicate clearly that you are quoting other peoples ideas.5) In writing your essay, always check if grammar is correct, words are well chosen, and expressions are idiomatic.注意：如发现抄袭，论文以零分
19、算。In writing an essay it is important to ask two questions. The first question is the ordinary one: What is my argument? Having decided what I plan to argue and assert, the second question would be: How can I present my argument in a compelling way?A well designed topic avoids two things. First, a s
20、ituation in which everything seems to be relevant and equally useful. In that case the so-called topic is just a way of paraphrasing the entire book: Jane Eyres Life or Experience in Jane Eyre would be examples of thinly disguised paraphrase topics for the book as a whole. The second thing to avoid
21、is the design of any topic is a subject that seems to invite you to write a paper that structures itself by means of the novel itself, beginning with the beginning and finding itself, in its final pages, coming round to a discussion of the end. The novel is narrative. A paper is an analytic piece of
22、 writing.To be a good topic it must be carefully limited. It must have an element of freshness, even of unexpectedness about it. Every topic leads you to specific locations in the text of crucial moments (paragraphs, turns, objects, and images) which shed light on the central theme of the text.Not a
23、ll evidence is equal. Each detail introduced should not have the same length of analysis. Some evidence is mentioned, some occurs in a list, some is used to prepare for a carefully analyzed central instance, and some carefully chosen detail is used to situate the topic in the opening, and last but n
24、ot least, some equally carefully chosen detail is withheld so as to permit a final turn, a surprise, a sudden expansion of importance in the closing stage of the page.A sample essay:The Epiphany in “Araby” “Araby” is a story about a young romantics first bitter taste of reality. He despises the secu
25、larism and tries to break away from its restriction; however, in the face of the reality, all his hopes and dreams are proved too fragile. James Joyce does not arrange the plots of the story according to the traditional way which usually develops from conflicts to climax; instead, he adopts the meth
26、od of epiphany to signify the theme. Epiphany in “Araby” enhances the profound and philosophical meaning of the story. By an epiphany James Joyce means “ a sudden spiritual manifestation, whether in the vulgarity of speech or of gesture or in a memorable phase of the mind itself”(Attridge 191). In “
27、Araby”, the epiphany is stimulated by the vulgarity of speech and gesture in the bazaar that is the place “most hostile to romance”(Joyce 160). Araby has meant a lot to the boy and “cast an Eastern enchantment”(Joyce 161) over him. It is the place where he can buy a gift for Mangans sister and the p
28、lace where his dreams may start to come true. But what he sees there is “two men counting money on a salver” and what he hears is “the fall of the coins”(Joyce 162). The place he eagerly looked forward to is the one full of the stink of money. What discourages him even more is the beautiful young la
29、dy in the bazaar. She flirts with the two young gentlemen and is reluctant to talk with the boy who seems too poor to buy anything. The boy is sensitive enough to feel the ladys disdain. This must remind him of Mangans sister who is also very beautiful, but as to what is behind the appearance, he kn
30、ows nothing. He once longed so eagerly to go to the Araby to buy a gift for Mangans sister, but in such situation, he is perplexed and frustrated by the reality and even remembers “with difficulty”(Joyce 162) why he has come. Stimulated by the vulgarity of speech and gesture in the bazaar, he sudden
31、ly realizes that all his romantic illusions are ridiculous and doomed to be thwarted by the realistic circumstances. Standing alone in darkened Araby with his shattered hopes, his eyes “burned with anguish and anger”(Joyce 163). The epiphany does need some stimulation and the vulgarity of speech and gesture in the bazaar is a good stimulus, but besides, the epiphany also needs deep
