1、1光的干涉1光的干涉(Interference of light):若干个光波相遇时产生的光强分布不等于由各个成员波单独造成的光强分布之和，而出现明暗相间的现象。A number of light waves meet,the light intensity distribution（强度分布）is not equal to separate caused by the various members of the wave intensity distribution and the emergence（出现）of the phenomenon of light and dark.相干条件：
2、只有两列光波的频率相同，相位差恒定，振动方向相同的相干光，才能产生光的干涉。Coherence kuhirns conditions：Only two light wave frequency（频率）,the phase（相位差）constant（恒定）,the direction of vibration（振动方向）of the same coherent light（相干光）in order to produce the interference of light.（干涉）由两个普通独立光源发出的光，不可能具有相同的频率，更不可能存在固定的相差，因此，不能产生干涉现象。The light
3、emitted by the two ordinary independent light sources,can not have the same frequency,the less likely there is a fixed（固定的）phase difference,therefore,can not produce interference.2 光的衍射2 光的衍射(The diffraction of light)：光绕过障碍物偏离直线传播路径而进入阴影区里的现象，叫光的衍射。Light around obstacles to deviate from（偏离）a straigh
4、t line path into the shadow zone phenomenon,called the diffraction of light.光的衍射和光的干涉一样证明了光具有波动性。包括：单缝衍射、圆孔衍射、圆板衍射及泊松亮斑 Light diffraction（光的衍射）and interference of ligh as that（一样、证明了）the light with the volatility（波动性）.Include:single-slit diffraction,circular aperture diffraction,diffraction of the c
5、ircular plate and the Poisson bright spot.3 光的色散3 光的色散(Dispersion of light)指的是复色光分解为单色光的现象 It is the phenomenon of the polychromatic light is decomposed/break up/resolve into monochromatic.,mnukrumtik（单色的：single colour）.Multicolor mlti,kl:多色的多色的 在光学中，对于不同的波长，有不同的介质折射率 n()，当白光通过三棱镜后，由于棱镜对各种颜色光的偏折程度不同
6、，从而在空间上被分离的现象。For different wavelengths shows different refractive index n()in the optical medium，when white light through a prism(棱镜),due to Prism deflection on a variety of colors of light in varying degrees,resulting in spatial separation 第 2 页 共 4 页 phenomenon.一般波长越小，折射率越大；紫色光折射率大，红色光折射率小。Genera
7、l the smaller the wavelength,the refractive index of the greater；The purple light refractive index greater than the refractive index of the red light.4.光的折反射 4.光的折反射 反射(The reflection of light)：一种光学现象，指光在传播到不同物质时，在分界面上改变传播方向又返回原来物质中的现象。An optical phenomenon,the light spread to different substances t
8、o change the direction of propagation/transmission in the boundary surface returned to the original physical phenomenon.折射(Refraction rifrkn of light)：光从一种透明介质斜射入另一种透明介质时，传播方向发生偏折，这种现象叫光的折射 Light slanting（斜射）from a transparent medium into another transparent medium,the propagation direction appears
9、deflection,this phenomenon is called refraction of light.不同之处：光的折射与光的反射一样都是发生在两种介质的交界处，只是反射光返回原介质中，而折射光则进入到另一种介质中。注意：在两种介质的交界处，既发生折射，同时也发生反射。反射光光速与入射光相同，折射光光速与入射光不同。Light refraction and reflection of light are also appear in the joint of two media,but the reflected light returns to the original medi
10、um,the refraction of light into another medium.Note:at the joint of the two media,both refraction,but also reflected.Reflected light and the incident light at the speed of light,refraction of light speed is different with incident light.5.光的偏振5.光的偏振(Polarization of light)线偏振光 圆偏振光 椭圆偏振光 部分偏振光 非偏振光（自
11、然光）Linearly polarized light Circularly polarized light elliptically polarized light partially polarized light Natural light 光的偏振（polarization of light）振动方向在垂直于传播方向规律性变化的现象。它是横波区别于其他纵波的一个最明显的标志。光波电矢量振动的空间分布对于光的传播方向失去对称性的现象叫做光的偏振。只有横波才能产生偏振现象，故光的偏振是光的波动性的又一例证。The phenomenon of vibration（振动/shake）direc
12、tion perpendicular（垂直）to the propagation direction changed regularly.第 3 页 共 4 页 It is one of the most obvious sign of the shear wave is different from other longitudinal wave.Light wave electric vector vibration of the spatial distribution of the direction of propagation of light lost symmetry（对称）o
13、f the phenomenon is called polarization of light.Only transverse waves can produce a polarization phenomenon,so the polarization of light is another example of the wave nature of light.6.光电效应6.光电效应（Photoelectric effect）当光照射到物体上使物体发射电子或电导率发生变化或产生电动势等改变了物体电学特性的现象称为光电效应。When light shines on the object
14、so that objects emit electrons or conductivity change or generates an electromotive force to change the object of the electrical properties of the phenomenon known as Photoelectric effect.Photoelectric effect can divide into the external photoelectric effect and the internal photoelectric effect.Whe
15、n the phenomenon is produced in surface,it is called external photoelectric effect,when it happens inside,we call it internal photoelectric!The internal photoelectric effect includes Photovoltaic effect and Photoconductive effect.7.空间频率和时间频率7.空间频率和时间频率（Spatial frequency and time frequency）所谓空间频率是指在一
16、定方向上的单位空间（距离）波动的周期数。它不仅具有大小而且具有方向是一个矢量。The so-called spatial frequency in a certain direction and unit space(distance)fluctuations（波动）in the number of cycles that it not only has the size and direction of a vector.频率，是单位时间内完成振动的次数。Frequency is the number of vibrations（振动）per unit time to complete 8.
17、粒子数反转 8.粒子数反转 粒子数反转（population inversion）是激光产生的前提。用某种方法使处在高能级上的原子数多于处在低能级上的原子数，而且这种状态能够维持下来。Population Inversion is the premise of the laser.It is a phenomenon that In some way in the number of atoms on the energy level than the number of atoms in a low energy level,and this state can be maintained
18、down.9.波粒二象性 9.波粒二象性(Wave-particle duality)是指某物质同时具备波的特质及粒子的特质 It is referred that a substance at the same time with the wave characteristics 第 4 页 共 4 页 and particle characteristics.10.倏逝波10.倏逝波（隐失波（隐失波 evanescent,i:vnesnt wave）在全反射时，大部分光会直接反射，而一小部分光会进入分界面，并传播一小段距离，然后反射出去，这种表现出特殊性质的波称为倏逝波 When the
19、total reflection,most of the light directly reflected a small portion of light will enter the interface,and spread a short distance,and then reflected off.This show the special nature of the wave known as 11.散射(11.散射(scattering sktri)散射是由于媒质不均匀所致，辐射在大气中遇到气体分子密度的起伏及微小微粒，都会使辐射改变方向，从而使传播方向上的辐射减弱。It is
20、a phenomenon that when the radiation spread in the non-uniform medium and encountered the tiny particles so that the radiation change direction,so that radiation weakened in the original direction of propagation.12.像差(12.像差(optical aberrations)由于视场和孔径增大及成像光束的单色性引起的成像缺陷称之为像差 As the field of view and
21、aperture increases caused by the imaging beam of monochromatic imaging defects called aberrations.13介绍激光 13介绍激光 激光具有单色性好、相干性好、方向性好，亮度高的特点（优点）。要产生激光必须具备激励工作物质、外界激励源、光学谐振腔三个条件。Laser have good characteristics that contain good monochromaticity coherence,directional,and high-brightness.In order to produ
22、ce laser Must have the incentive working substance,the external excitation source,optical resonant cavity three conditions.光学谐振腔的作用有：The role of the optical resonator:Increase the optical path in order to improve the energy density,Improve directionality and the coherence.激光：laser leiz 红外探测器：Infrared detector 透镜：（optical）lens 焦点：focal point 望远镜：telescope teliskup 显微镜：microscope maikrskup 成像系统：imaging system 光电：photoelectricity,futuilektrisiti Dear C 2012.3.31
