1、大学有机化学双语教学辅助材料专业术语英文解释 Learning Supplements in Organic Chemistry 有机化学双语教学辅助材料 （专业术语及英文解释） Glossary of Organic Chemistry Acetate(醋酸盐). (CH3COO-, C2H3O2-). acetate ion. 1. an ion formed by removing the acidic hydrogen of acetic acid, HC2H3O2. 2. a compound derived by replacing the acidic hydrogen in a
2、cetic acid. 3. A fiber made of cellulose acetate. Acetic acid(乙酸). (CH3COOH, C2H4O2). ethanoic acid; vinegar acid; methanecarboxylic acid. A simple organic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic odor and flavor. Glacial acetic acid is pure acetic acid. Acetone (丙酮).CH3COCH3 or (CH3)2CO. trivial
3、name for propanone, formed by the oxidation of 2-propanolwith KMnO4. Achiral(非手性的). A molecule thats superimposable on its mir ror image. Achiral molecules do not rotate plane-polarized light. Achiral molecule(非手性分子). a molecule that does not contain a stereogenic carbon; an achiral molecule has a p
4、lane ofsymmetry and is superimposable on its mirror image. Acid anhydride（酸酐）(RCO)2O. Compare with acid . Nonmetallic oxides or organic compounds that react with water to form acids . For example, SO2, CO2, P2O5, and SO3 are the acid anhydrides of sulfurous, carbonic, phosphoric, and sulfuric acids,
5、 respectively. Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O) reacts with water to form acetic acid. Acid dissociation constant（酸电离常数）. (Ka) acid ionization constant. Compare with base hydrolysis constant. The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid into a hydrogen ion and an anion. For example, the acid
6、dissociation constant for acetic acid is the equilibrium constant for HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq), which is Ka = H+C2H3O2-/HC2H3O2. Acid halide(酰卤)（RCOX）. acid chloride; acyl halide; acyl chloride. Compounds containing a carbonyl group bound to a halogen atom. Acid(酸). (Lat. acidus, sour) Compa
7、re with base. A proton donor or an electron pair acceptor. 1. a compound which releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution (Arrhenius). 2. a compound containing detachable hydrogen ions (Bronsted-Lowry). 3. a compound that can accept a pair of electrons from a base (Lewis). Acid-base indicator(酸碱指示剂). A
8、 weak acid that has acid and base forms with sharply different colors. Changes in pH around the acids pKa are indicated by color changes. Acid/base reaction（酸/碱反应）. a reaction in which an acidic H atom is transferred from one molecule to another. Addition compound(加成化合物). complex compound. Compare w
9、ith hydrate. An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. A dot is used to separate the compounds in the formula. For example, ZnSO47 H2O is an addition compound of zinc sulfate and water. This represents a compound, and not a mix
10、ture, because there is a definite 1:7 ratio of zinc sulfate to water in the compound. Hydrates are a common type of addition compound. Addition reaction(加成反应). A reaction in which two molecules are combined to yield a single product. Typical of the reactions of alkenes and alkynes. -al(醛，后缀). A suff
11、ix added to the systematic names of organic compounds that contain an aldehyde group -(C=O)-H. For example, the systematic name of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, is ethanal. Alcohol(醇). (ROH) Compare with phenol and hydroxide. A molecule containing a hydroxyl (OH) group. Also a functional group. An alcohol i
12、s an organic compound with a carbon bound to a hydroxyl group. Examples are methanol, CH3OH; ethanol, CH3CH2OH; propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH. Compounds with -OH attached to an aromatic ring are called phenols rather than alcohols. Aldehyde(醛). (RCHO) A molecule containing a terminal carbonyl (CHO) group. A
13、lso a functional group. An aldehyde is an organic compound with a carbon bound to a -(C=O)-H group. Examples are formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, and benzaldehyde, C6H6CHO. Aliphatic(脂肪族的). Compare with aromatic . An organic compound that does not contain ring structures. Alkaline earth(碱土
14、金属). An oxide of an alkaline earth metal, which produces an alkaline solution in reaction with water. Alkali metal(碱金属). (a metal in Group IA on the periodic table): active metals which may be used to react with analcohol to produce the corresponding metal alkoxide and hydrogen gas. Alkaline(碱的，碱性的)
15、. Having a pH greater than 7. Alkane(烷烃). (RH，CnH2n+2) paraffin. Compare with hydrocarbon and alkene. A molecule containing only C-H and C-C single bonds. A series of organic compounds with general formula CnH2n+2. Alkane names end with -ane. Examples are propane (with n=3) and octane (with n=8). Al
16、kene(烯烃). (CnH2n) A molecule containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Also a functional group. A compound that consists of only carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkene names end with -ene. Examples are ethylene (CH2=CH2); 1-propene (CH2=CH2CH3), an
17、d 2-octane (CH3CH=CH(CH2)4CH3). Alkoxide(醇盐, 烷氧根负离子). (RO- M+) alkoxide ion. An ionic compound formed by removal of hydrogen ions from the hydroxyl group in an alcohol using reactive metals, e.g. sodium. For example, potassium metal reacts with methanol (CH3OH) to produce potassium methoxide (KOCH3)
18、. Alkoxy group（烷氧基）(RO-).a substituent containing an alkyl group linked to an oxygen. Alkyl benzene（烷基苯）(C6H5-R). a benzene ring that has one alkyl group attached; the alkyl group (exceptquaternary alkyl groups) is susceptible to oxidation with hot KMnO4 to yield benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H). Alkyl(烷基).
19、(-CnH2n+1) alkyl group. A molecular fragment derived from an alkane by dropping a hydrogen atom from the formula. Examples are methyl (-CH3) and ethyl (-CH2CH3). Alkyne(炔烃). (CnH2n-2) A molecule containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Also a functional group. A compound that consists of o
20、nly carbon and hydrogen, that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkyne names end with -yne. Examples are acetylene (CHidentCH); 1-propyne (CHidentCCH3), and 2-octyne (CH3CidentC(CH2)4CH3). Allenes(丙二烯). Propa-1,2-diene (CH2=C=CH2) and derivatives. In allenes the two bonds are orthogon
21、al (see below), as are the two terminal hydrogens at one end, with respect to those at the other. Allo-(同分异构的). prefix that designates the more stable of a pair of geometric isomers. allo- is sometimes used less precisely to designate isomers or close relatives of a compound. Allyl(烯丙基). allylic; al
22、lyl group; allyl radical. A molecular fragment derived by removing a methyl hydrogen from propene (-CH2-CH=CH2). For example, allyl chloride is 3-chloropropene, Cl-CH2-CH=CH2. Allylic carbon(烯丙基正离子). (CH2=CH-CH2+) An sp3 carbon adjacent to a double bond. Amide(酰胺)(RCONH2). A molecule containing a ca
23、rbonyl group attached to a nitrogen (-CONR2). Also a functional group. An amide is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bound to nitrogen: . The simplest amides are formamide (HCONH2) and acetamide (CH3CONH2). Amine(胺)(RNH2). Compare with ammine. A molecule containing an isolated nitro
24、gen = (NR3). Also a functional group. An amine is an organic compound that contains a nitrogen atom bound only to carbon and possibly hydrogen atoms. Examples are methylamine, CH3NH2; dimethylamine, CH3NHCH3; and trimethylamine, (CH3)3N. Amino acid(氨基酸). Amino acids are molecules that contain at lea
25、st one amine group (-NH2) and at least one carboxylic acid group (-COOH). When these groups are both attached to the same carbon, the acid is an alpha-amino acid. alpha-amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. Amino group（氨基）. the -NH2 group. Ammine(氨络物). Compare with amine. A metal io
26、n complex containing ammonia as a ligand. The ammonia nitrogen is bound directly to a metal ion in ammines; amines differ in that the ammonia nitrogen is directly bound to a carbon atom. Ammonia(氨，氨水). (NH3) Compare with ammonium. Pure NH3 is a colorless gas with a sharp, characteristic odor. It is
27、easily liquified by pressure, and is very soluble in water. Ammonia acts as a weak base. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are (incorrectly) referred to as ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium ion(铵根离子). (NH4+) ammonium. NH4+ is a cation formed by neutralization of ammonia, which acts as a weak base. Amphiprotic
28、 solvent(两性溶剂). Compare with aprotic solvent. Solvents that exhibit both acidic and basic properties; amphiprotic solvents undergo autoprotolysis. Examples are water, ammonia, and ethanol. Amphoteric(两性的). ampholyte. A substance that can act as either an acid or a base in a reaction. For example, al
29、uminum hydroxide can neutralize mineral acids ( Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl = AlCl3 + 3 H2O ) or strong bases ( Al(OH)3 + 3 NaOH = Na3AlO3 + 3 H2O). Aniline（苯胺；苯胺的）. (C6H5NH2).a primary (1) amine in which the NH2 group is bonded directly to a benzene ring. .ngstrom (.)(埃，1/10 纳米). Unit of length named after the
30、 Swedish physicist, now being superseded by nanometer (nm). 1 . = 1010 m so that a bond length of 1.54 . is given by 0.154 nm. Anhydrous(无水的). anhydrous compound; anhydride. Compare with hydrate. A compound with all water removed, especially water of hydration. For example, strongly heating copper(I
31、I) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO45H2O) produces anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4). Anion(阴离子). Compare with cation. A negatively charged atom or molecule. An anion is a negatively charged ion. Nonmetals typically form anions. Anomers(异头物). Anomers are cyclic diastereoisomers that differ only at the
32、hemiacetal carbon. The anomeric carbon in a sugar is the only carbon that is bonded to two oxygen atoms. Anti(希腊字头，反；抗；对；阻) (see also Anti addition; Anti periplanar). Substituents are anti if they are on opposite sides of a defined reference plane in a molecule. Anti is used to assign stereochemistry to products of, for example, asymmetric aldol reactions. The main chain is
