1、初中英语语法讲座座初中英语语法讲座这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a可数名词名词的根据数 复数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s如：monkey-monkeys。(4)
2、以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es 构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife-knives。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fishfish, Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot- feet(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)-Germans(3)childchildren4.常以复数形式出现的名词
3、：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your p
4、encil-box? (knife)不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread over there. (be)3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意
5、义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数
6、名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate
7、 ,my B .Kates ,mine C .Kate ,mine D .Kates, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最
8、高级前。如：the first, the best ,in the south6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。
9、 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别： in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词
10、，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3特殊记，加th 从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth ,twelfth)20到90，y要变ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred p
11、eople.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表
12、达法。顺读法(钟点分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century, the worlds population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours
13、? Yes.3.You dont look well. Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. monkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps6.
14、A lot of_ are talking with two_.A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Childrens Day B. the C hildrens Day C .Childrens Day D. Childrens Day思考题1._people went out to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thou
15、sand of D. Three thousands2.We have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D .three months and half3._English is_ useful language.A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, /四、代词(一)人称代词 主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them
16、物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如：These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=ou
17、r books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)3.of+名词性物主代词表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself
18、to (随便吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think.A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_.A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself D. his, his（二）修饰可数词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a l
19、ittle 表肯定意义few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用little, a little, few, a few填空:1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here.2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can sp
20、eak very well.4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something newTheres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题A. important anything B. important somethingC. anything important D. something important(四)另外，代词some, every, all, both, either,
21、another1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。如：Each student was asked to try again.Each of them h
22、as a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。 none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）4.both “（两者）都” 作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，
23、后跟名词单数。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right.5. another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个，另一个”the oth
24、er +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人”(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.Im going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)_ _ are you going to take?五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级： 比较.，更.一些最高级： 最.（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情 况 变 化 方 法 例 词
25、单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly2.不规则变化，须熟记：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-fart
26、hestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least(B)常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级）2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . .比.（用比较级）4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year.This is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and
27、more beautiful6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in hi
28、s class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isnt as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96中考题：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A .best, o
29、r B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词:也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时
30、间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy)练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.A. Other
