1、英语专业词汇学复习1. What is lexicology?Lexico-(语素, meaning word)Lexicon(词典,字典)Lexical（(词的,词汇的)Lexicography（(词典编纂)Sociology (社会学)Psychology (心理学)Lexicology is the study of the structure, usage, origins and meanings of words.English lexicology studies English words in different aspects and from different angl
2、es.Without grammar we can express little; Without words we can express nothing.2.Define “word”A minimal free form of a language; A sound unity; A unit of meaning; A form that can function alone in a sentence.3. Origin of English WordsNative words 本族词Borrowed words / loan words 外来词Latin ，Scandinavian
3、 ，French ，Greek ，Spanish, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Persian, Japanese, Indonesian, Russian Native words: Anglo-Saxon wordsBody partshand, foot, arm, eye, boneNatureland, field, earth, hill, sun, moonTimemonth, year, dayAnimals and plantshorse, sheep, dog, lamb, oak, elm, be
4、echAdjectivesblack, high, wide, long, smallVerbsdrive, ride, shine, choose, fly, seeAuxiliariesshall, may, will, do, be Borrowed words P.9The boy kept interrupting the government man. Native words on P.5 What features do these words have?Form the basic stock of English language most frequently used，
5、Denote the commonest things necessary for life，Acquired earliest by children，Denote the most basic things in language Borrowingcake, knife, crop, ill, husband, Danishcoolie, litchi, dim sum, typhoon, kaolin, loquat, bureau, honor, literature, court French sauna Finnishhamburger, blitz, zinc German m
6、acaroni, sonata, spaghetti Italian sultan, roc, harem, sheik, yashmak Arabic czar, commissar, intelligentsia Russiangeometry, gymnastics, tragedy, myth Greekgenius, memorandum, formula Latin kimono, judo, Japanese Review questions (1)._ studies the structure, meanings, origins and usage of words. A.
7、 Word formation B. Lexicology C. Morphology(2).There is a logical connection between the sound and meaning of words. This is a _ view. A. naturalist B. conventionalist C. objective(3)._ is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. affix B. phrase
8、 C. word4. Morphemene one morpheme nationtwo morphemes nation+al three morphemes inter+nation+al four morphemes inter+nation+al+ist 5.Word formation: affixation 词缀法Affix词缀(a form that is attached to a morpheme to modify meaning or function)prefix前缀,suffix后缀) root词根(the basic form of a word which can
9、not be further analyzed without total loss of identity.)6. Word and VocabularyThe general estimate of English vocabulary is over one million words.John has a good knowledge of Middle English vocabulary.The vocabulary of Black English proved too difficult for me.The five-year-old child has acquired a
10、 vocabulary of over 2000 words.This article gives a good introduction of specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics. VocabularyThe total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular period.All the words of a given dialect.All the words possessed by a person.All the words of a
11、given discipline. Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇（The common core of the language.）Rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, summer, wind, hill;Head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, sonApple, tree, horse, cow, cat, dog, sheepCome, go, eat, beat, carry, old, youngOne, ten, hun
12、dred, I, you, who, but, as, till Characteristics of Basic Word StockAll national character 全民性，Stability 稳定性，Productivity 能产性，Polysemy 多义性 Do these belong to basic word stock?（1）Do you know what subject matter jurisdiction is?（subject matter jurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权 ）（2）Due to Habeas Corpus, you an
13、d Miss Fontana had a common law marriage, which entitles her to what is legally referred to as equitable division of the assets.（Due to Habeas Corpus 人身保护法, common law marriage习惯法婚姻, 同居婚姻, equitable division of the assets 资产平均分配）（3）Due to the fact that you retained the residence, Miss Fontana is ent
14、itled to full canine property ownership. Well enforce that ownership right now. Nonbasic Vocabulary 非基本词汇Photoscanning, indigestion, algebraTerminology 术语（technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas）Hypo, buster, bargaining chipsJargon 行话(specialized words used by members of pa
15、rticular arts sciences, trades and professions among themselves)Dough (money), pot (drug) slang 俚语 (sub-standard words)Can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pickpocket) argot黑话 (jargon of criminals) Review questions(1) The word limitless contains two _. A. affixes B. roots C. morphemes(2) Which of the
16、following is not true?A. A word is the smallest form of languageB. A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.(3) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of _.A. sounds B. meaning C. form D. function(4) A word is a _ that stands for something e
17、lse in the world.A. symbol B. system C. structure D. pattern(5) How many morphemes does this word have? What kind of morpheme? misleadingly7. Affixation 词缀法Prefixation 前缀法Negative prefixes表示否定意义的前缀Prefixes of degree or size (extra,hyper,mini,) 表示程度、大小等意义的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态
18、度等意义的前缀 (pro, anti)Locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀 (intra,inter,tele, sub)Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序意义的前缀 (ex, fore, post, pre)Number prefixes表示数字的前缀(mono,bi,tri,penta,)Miscillaneous prefixes其他意义的前缀 (eco,auto,neo)Class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀 （a, en, un, de) Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the fo
19、rmation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of roots. Review questions(1) Turn the following into verbs with -en,-ify, -ize(Horror, modern, Memory, apology, False, sterile, Length, intense, Beauty, fat Sympathy, memory)He _
20、for interrupting her.She tried to _ her room with posters and plants.A study has been ordered into the feasibility of _ the airports main runway by 200m.However much they _ with her, they all felt it was her fault.Soya is excellent food to _ cattle.Over $40000 had been spent on _ the station._ the b
21、ottles by immersing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.If you are employed by a company, youre one of its _.A politician is someone whose job is politics.The _ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.A woman who works as a _ does the same job as a waiter.A _ is someone who earns their
22、 living by playing the piano.If someone examines you, you are the _ and he/she is the _.8.Conversion 转类法# Noun attribute Economy measure 节约措施 economic measure 经济措施 Bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师 bankrupt businessman破了产的商人 Riot police 防暴警察 riotous police 闹事的警察 Danger zone 危险区 Depth charge 深水炸弹 A departme
23、nt decision 部门作出的决定 Impulse buying 凭一时的冲动买东西Bankruptcy lawyer# Noun to verb, verb to noun The newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This film is a remake. # Adjective to noun Partial conversion These books are intended for t
24、he deaf and mute.It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true Complete conversion Many classics are now available in bookstores. The police are netting 25 illegals a day in ChicagoThey needed to get there within three days. No ifs and buts were accepted. So Tom got the plans
25、and helicoptered to the host city, while David got visaed up in Berlin and went there by Air France. At the airport shop, he was attracted by some celebrity ashtrays and bought one of them . We cant stomach such a insult.Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.He wolfed down his lunch.Im one of his f
26、amiliars.Poor innocents!The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.He Hamleted the chance and then regretted for it.These shoes were an excellent buy.They lifted the rifles and hit him in the small of the back. 9.Word Formation: Composition/Compounding A process of word-formation by which two
27、 or more independent words are put together to make one word.Cruise missile 巡航导弹 Laserbomb 激光炸弹 Fox-bat 狐蝠式战斗机 (米格-25)Well-balanced 平衡了的 Dog-eat-dog 狗咬狗的 Cross-question 盘问 Compound nounPoorhouse identity crisis Rainbow fox-bat pickpocket Inpatient Compound adjectiveBittersweet lifelong feelgood inbo
28、rnOne-man (concert) Around-the-moon (flight)Be-kind-to-animal (campaign) The-end-justifies-the-means (philosophy)One-family-one-child family planning (policy)No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street (situation) Compound verbbreast-feed sleepwalk Undertake whitewash Badmouth10. The development of the Engli
29、sh VocabularyHistorical Review of English VocabularyFirst language used in Britain: CelticThe Roman Legions(古罗马军团): Latin（55-54BC）Germanic tribes: Anglo-Saxon (450) Three periods of the English LanguageOld English (450AD1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England. Anglo-Saxonth
30、e Germanic tribes Latin introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century. Scandinavian Norwegian and Danish vikings 5000-6000 words; highly inflected Middle English (11501500) during the Norman Conquest. French influenceNorman Conquest 1066 9000 French words continually flowed into English
31、 Dutch words entered English with the trade relation. English regained position of importance Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫) Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰) English gradually came back to schoolsModern English (1450 ) Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语 Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 The Renaissance 文艺复兴a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics 1500-1700 over 10,000
