1、英语专四阅读训练1阅读技巧及应试策略第1节 常用阅读技巧及运用范例阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系，进行判断、猜测、思考，最终达到理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skim
2、ming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。一、浏览试题以明确目标 在进行阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完Section A选择题的题干和四个选项以及Section B简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：85What is the main idea of the passage A. Public speaking in international forums. B. Public speaking in daily life co
3、ntext. C. The many uses of public speaking. D. The rules of public speaking. 通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。 The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now, twitter, instant messaging, email, blogs and chat forums offer rival approach
4、es to communication-but none can replace the role of a great speech. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past year, the human voice has helped
5、 guide US over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational
6、speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to peoples heartsDuring wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expr
7、essed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1 N1 pandemic (流行病) was announced, the idea of “swine flu” (猪流感) scared many people. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions. Sad events
8、are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonnas speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. Its not only in world foru
9、ms where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. If youre taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk (鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match
10、to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding
11、, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something were born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good useTo learn those roles you have to practice and learn
12、 from some outstanding speeches in the past.解题点拨：在第一、二段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍public speaking的重要作用：Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view；Inspirational speeches confront the emotions；A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us；Sad events are n
13、ever easy to deal with but a speech；It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives由此可知，C能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。二、通过略读（skimming）全文以掌握主旨 略读(skimming)又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握结构(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地点
14、、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地进行阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下： (1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进行预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。 (2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。 (4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用
15、的标志词。 下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用： 以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可，其余细节可略去不读。 There are superstitions attached to numbers; even those ancient Greeks believed that all numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influence over the affairs
16、of men.For example, it is commonly said that luck, good or bad, comes in three: if an accident happens, two more of the same kind may be expect soon afterwards. The arrival of a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period. Another belief involving the number three has it that it is
17、 unlucky to light three cigarettes from the one match. If this happens, the bad luck that goes with the deed falls upon the person whose cigarette was the last to be lit. The ill-omen linked to the lighting of three things from one match or candle goes back to at least the 17th century and probably
18、earlier. It was believed that three candles alight at the same time would be sure to bring bad luck; one, two, or four, were permissible, but never just three. Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck. The ancient astrologers believed that the universe was gov
19、erned by seven plants; students of Shakespeare will recall that the life of man was divided into seven ages. Seven horseshoes nailed to a horse will protect it from all evil. Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number because it is the product of three times three. It was much used by the Anglo-Sa
20、xons in their charms for healing. Another belief was that great changes occurred every 7th and 9th of a mans life. Consequently, the age of 63 (the product of nine and seven) was thought to be a very perilous time for him. If he survived his 63rd year he might hope to live to a ripe old age. Thirtee
21、n, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear. The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christs Last Supper. This being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christians. In moder
22、n times 13 is an especially unlucky number of a dinner party, for example. Hotels will avoid numbering a floor the 13th; the progression is from 12 to 14, and no room is given the number 13. Many home owners will use 121/2 instead of 13 as their house number. Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th
23、 of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs. 解题点拨： 通过略读各段的主题句可知，本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。全文为“总-分-总”结构，第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”，下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义，最后一段表明作者的态度。文章后的题目为：1. According to the passage, which of the following groups of numbers will
24、 certainly bring good luck to peopleA. 3 and 7 B. 3 and 9 C. 7 and 9 D. 3 and 13解析：选C。通过略读第五、六段的开头句Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck.和Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number.便可得出正确答案为C。2. The ill luck associated with 13 is supposed to have its orig
25、in in .A. legend B. religion C. popular belief D. certain customs 解析：选B。通过略读第八段的Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear.和第九段的The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christs Last Supper.便可得知B为正确答案。3. What is the authors attitude towards
26、 peoples superstitious beliefsA. He is mildly critical. B. He is strongly critical.C. He is in favor of them. D. His attitude is not clear.解析：选A。略读全文最后一段Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstit
27、ious beliefs. 即可知，作者的态度为A。3、通过扫读（scanning）定位以获取特定、关键信息扫读（scanning）又称“寻读”或“查读”，同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息，如人物、事件、地点、数字等，而对其他不相关内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料，找到所需要的信息。这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐
28、字逐句过目。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现相关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，从而既保证扫读的速度，又做到准确无误。扫读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知；而扫读则是读者在略读之后，根据已知的文章大意与结构，按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，从而找到正确答案。例如，英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题：According to the passage, “.spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp” means that spring cleaning .A. is no l
29、onger an easy practice to understandB. is no longer part of modern family lifeC. requires more family members to be involvedD. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge 原文如下： I know when I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns t
30、o the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen. Spring cleaning. Ill admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Todays busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collec
31、ting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order. “Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow” I say. “Can we
32、 at least wait until the NBA matches are over” my husband answers. But I tell my family, spring cleaning cant wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winters hibernation(冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be
