1、新概念4新东方课堂笔记Lesson 55 Patterns of Culture文化的模式文化的模式Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of anygreat moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feelto be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have away of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As amatter of fact, it
2、is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass ofdetailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individualactions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rateimportance is the predomi
3、nant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the verygreat varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs andinstitutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind theseste
4、reotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particulartraditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom inshaping the behaviour of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditionalcustom, is a
5、s the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those wordsof his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studiesthe social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes nomore than an exact a
6、nd matter-off-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first andforemost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in hiscommunity. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experienceand behaviour. By the time he can talk,
7、 he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he isgrown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, itsimpossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him,and no child born into one on th
8、e opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role ofcustom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of humanlife must remain unintelligible.The study
9、 of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have beenaccepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place anyscientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in theseries it selects for i
10、ts consideration. In all the less controversial fields like the study of cacti ortermites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material特别说明：本文档根据新东方新概念第四册（第二版）网络课堂Flash制作（转发请保持文档的完整性） 只可用于学习交流，不得用于商业目的！ - 139 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Les
11、son 55and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way we have learned all thatwe know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in thestudy of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one localv
12、ariation, that of Western civilization.Anthropology was by definition impossible as long as these distinctions between ourselves and theprimitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over peoples minds. Itwas necessary first to arrive at that degree, of sophistication whe
13、re we no longer set our own beliefover against our neighbours superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutionswhich are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, ourown among the rest.New words and expressions 生词短语a way of thinking 一种想法c
14、ommonplace a.平凡的 口头语commonthe other way around相反aberrant a.脱离常轨的，异常的；（医）变异，失常 ab-表示“偏离，脱离或离开” = irregular normal正常abnormal不正常；use用abuse滥用；（近）eccentric怪异的；straying偏离的：a stray dog野狗；go astray步入歧途trivial a.微不足道的，琐碎的triviality细节，琐事（见lesson12）frist rate第一流 A-one第一等的，第一流的；topflight最棒的；second to none首屈一指；s
15、econd to 次于predominant a.占优势的，起支配作用的 predominace n. dominate统治地位 pre-前面的 = superior,preponderate paramount绝对重要； principal主要的；校长manifest vt.清楚地表现 illustrate vi.举例说明；图解；加插图于；阐明vi.举例portray绘画pristine a.原始的（太古年代）(lesson27) （近）primitive原始的（一般）；ancient古代的；prehistoric史前的stereotype n.陈规(lesson5)break throug
16、h打破over against和相比 = be compared with - 140 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 55vernacular n.方言 （和外语相比较）母语，mother tongue的变体 （近）dialect方言（在一国内） accent口音 vary from person to person因人而异accommodation n.适应 v. accommodate容纳 He accommodates himself to sth. accommodation to对适应 = adapt to, a
17、djustment to 区别adoption采取，收养incumbent a.义不容辞的，有责任的 结构：It is incumbent on sb.to do responsible有责任的 responsible for为负责proposition n.主张 来源：propose向提议 Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。 （近）tender投标，建议unintelligible a.难理解的 intelligible可理解的 区别：intellectual 知识分子；intelligent聪明的 readreadableunreadable; com
18、prehensioncomprehensibleincomprehensible; discerndiscernableundiscernablepreferential a.优先的 来源：prefer favorable有利的 I prefer green tea to black tea./I prefer to green tea rather than black tea. black coffee = sugar free coffee 现在国外最流行的：decaf coffeecontroversial a.引起争论的 controversy n.论争（lesson39）cactu
19、s n.仙人掌 复数形式：cacti拉丁变形 abacus算盘abaci(pl.); alumnus校友alumni(pl.)termite n.白蚁group vt.把分类variant a.不同的 variation n.变化；变奏曲 易混：various各种各样的；variety多样性barbarian n.野蛮人 = savage,vandalpagan n.异教徒 相信不只有一个神的人；非基督教徒者 区别heretic异教徒 信邪教的人 - 141 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 55hold sway over支
20、配，掌握 Superstition holds sway over my brain/mind. wield挥，统治，支配（lesson40） sway（左右）摇；shake（上下）摇；swing（绕圈）摇premise n.前提 大/小前提：major/minor premise Only on the premise of equality,can we further negotiate.institution n.惯例，风俗 长期的习惯，不一定要遵守（社会风俗） custom不同部落，种族 When in Rome,do as the Romans do. tradition有历史遗传
21、（可指家庭习俗）supernatural a.超自然的Notes on the text 课文注释The basic background about this author:Ruth Benedict (female)She is a famous anthropologist.“Cultural relativism”文化相关论subject ( = topic,theme)great moment = significance重要性The inner workings of our own brains倒装句式正常：we feel theworkings to be 宾语前置，强调宾语w
22、orkings运作（可数名词）uniquely独特的 = onlyworthy of值得commonplace a.后省略名词levelWe have a way of thinking. = as we view/see itAs a matter of fact作为一个事实而言（ = in fact）Traditional custom,taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing thanwhat any one person can ever evolve in individual act
23、ions, no matter how aberrant.非常难句型主语：Traditional custom 谓语：is a massmass大量 = collectionis a mass = is a whole/totaltaken被动语态，“采样”，“取样”take the world over = throughout the world - 142 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 55detailed细致的 astonishing = surprising evolve进化（develop）the predom
24、inant role一个主导作用experience实践in belief信仰，思维活动it may manifest体现variety多样性第二段第一句话点出主题pristine eye原始的眼光 = pure纯洁的edite编辑definite一定形式的，有限的set集合custom习俗institution惯例ways of thinking思维方式probing = research, studies研究stereotype陈规，定式very强调very修饰名词表示强调have reference to和有关 = be connected withJohn Dewey(1859-)“哲
25、学思想“：learning by doingin all seriousness = seriouslythe part = the role在某一方面，用介词in - 143 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 55asas比较 第一个as后面，风俗对人的影响人对风俗的影响 第二个as后面，母语总体的词汇比例被吸收到家庭语言中的儿语over against对比，与比较orders = different levels不同层面，不同阶层have had虚拟autonomously auto自动 autonomous自治的figu
26、re省略用法 figure of speechno more than正好，恰好 = justobservation观察，证明life history 生平first and foremost = above all最重要，首先accommodation适应pattern行为模式standard规范，标准hand down = pass on流传下来group种族 = raceborn into出生于globe = earthno整体否定cultural transmission文化传递it is more incumbent upon us to understand插入语until直到as
27、 to +名词 = about 关于 - 144 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 55complicating = difficult复杂unintelligible难以理解的not until直到才until直到为止profitable有利可图的 = beneficialpreliminary基本，基础 = basichave been的用法：后面的动作，一定是要和前面构成一个完成，后面的完成才能引发前面的动作violently opposed强烈的反对require虚拟weighting称重item选择的课题，项目one
28、 of the items or anotherin all the less controversial fields在不太令人争论的一些领域nebulae星云all that we know ofthat we know做all的后置定语of 做all的后置定语social insects群居生活的昆虫let us say = so to speakmajor social sciences主要的社会学substitute替换，替代that of 作同位语anthropology人类学as long as = if 只要，如果degree of sophistication = under
29、standing理解set over against与对比these institutions这些习俗指前面belief,superstition - 145 文字录入：dale76 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 56Lesson 56 The Age of Automationof Automation Lesson 56 The Age of Automation自动化时代自动化时代Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives and, as a r
30、esult, society ischanging at a speed which is quite unprecedented. There is a great technological explosion aroundus, generated by science. This explosion is already freeing vast numbers of people from theirtraditional bondage to nature, and now at last we have it in our power to free mankind once a
31、nd forall from the fear which is based on want. Now, for the first time, man can reasonably begin to thinkthat life can be something more than a grim struggle for survival. But even today, in spite of the highstandard of living which has become general in the more fortunate West, the majority of people inthe world still spend nearly all their time and energy in a never-ending struggle with nature to securethe food and shelter they need. Even in this elementary effort millions of human beings each yeardie unnecessarily and wastefully from hunger, disease, or flood.Ye
