1、冀教版八年级上册英语现在完成时用法考点例析及练习题现在完成时 1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在. I have already posted the photo.我已经把照片寄走了。强调post对现在的影响“照片不在这里”My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。Im sure weve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already
2、, just, lately, for, since,yet等。如:I havent heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。We havent seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday. 3). 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 一结构 1.肯定句:主语+have/ha
3、s+动词的过去分词+其他 2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他 3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not 4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since连用 1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如a
4、lready(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间), for+短时间, since+点时间, so far, how long 提问的疑问句中. He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the mi
5、ssing child yet ? 2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如ever, never, twice, several times等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman several times. 3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如up to
6、these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Up to the present everything has been successful. 三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。如果谓语动词是非延续性动词则转化为对应的延续性动词。若不是和短时间连用,则不用转化。什么时候一定要用延续性动词: 在含有以下三个标志词的完成时句型中:since,for,how long (1)如:这本书他借了一个
7、月了。(不用borrow) He has kept the book for a month. He has kept the book since a month ago. (2)这本书他借了多久了?How long has he kept the book? 英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。 1. 持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand,
8、 lie, keep 等。 2. 瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。 常见的-begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等 3. 瞬间性动词在完成时中瞬间动词(buy,die,join
9、,lose)不能直接与for 或since引导的时间段连用。要改变成延续性动词.如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常用意思相当的持续性动词来替换He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. (他参军已有3年了。)不用has joined She has been up for quite some time. (她起床已有好久了。)不用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time? (离家已有好久了吗?)不用has left 常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系
10、: 1、gobe away 2、comebe here 3、come backbe back 4、leavebe away(be not here) 5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep 7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on 9、finishbe over 10、openbe open 11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost 13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on 15、get upbe up 16、sit downsit/beseated 17、joinbe in()或be amember 18、becomebe
11、4. 瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用例如:I havent seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。) 四区别下面三组词Have been to 表示去过某地方,不过现在已经回来Have gone to 表示去了,还未回来Have been in 表示一直在某个地方 五现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在;而一般过去时表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。I have just been to London. I went there last
12、month. 我刚去过伦敦,是上个月去的。 1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作, 一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响,强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果。 2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now , in October,in 2002 等具体的时间状语;而现在完成时则常与just ,al
13、ready ,ever ,never 等副词和these days ,this week ,since ., for . 等表示一段时间的状语连用。 现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always 注意:for和since的用法。for+时段为时间since+过去一个时间点(译为:自从以来)since+时段+ago since+从句(过去时)It is+时段+since+从句(过去时)共同的时间状语: this morning, tonigh
14、t, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately 但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。 They have got the message this March . 他们三月已经得知了这个消息。(讲话时仍然是四月份。)They got the message this March. 他们三月份得知的这个消息。(讲话时四月份已过)。They have solved two problems this afternoon. 他们今天下午已经解决了两个问题。(讲话时仍然是下午)
15、,They solved two problems this afternoon. 今天下午他们解决了 两个问题。(讲话时下午已过) 现在完成时连用的时间状语现在完成时是一个与过去和现在都有关系的时态,因此,具有这样时间特点的状语都可以与现在完成时连用。 1. 与表示一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段,since+时间点。如:We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市已生活了40多年。We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从1958年起就住在这个城市里。从以上两个例句我们可以
16、看出,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词常为stay, live, teach, learn, work, sleep, read, wait, keep等具有延续意义的动词。 2. 与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用,如already, never, ever, just等。如:Ive just found this library book. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice. 她唱得多美啊!我还从来没听到过比这更优美的歌喉。 3. 与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如
17、lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so far等。如:How have you been recently? 你近来状况如何? The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years. 那位著名的作家在过去两年时间里写了一本新书。Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗? The Browns have visited a lot of p
18、laces in China so far. 迄今为止,布朗一家已经参观了中国的许多地方。注意:现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, in 2002, three days ago等 过去分词变化规则过去分词变化规则如下: 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“ed ”。work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d ”。live-lived-lived , (3)以“辅音字母+
19、 y ”结尾的动词,将y 变为i ,再加“ed ”。study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ed ”。stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2. 不规则动词 不规则动词的过去分词有5种形式: A-A-A 如:costcostcost; cutcutcut; hithithit A-B-B 如:bringbroughtbrought; buildbuiltbuilt; catchcaughtcaught; keepkeptkept; sell
20、soldsold; smellsmeltsmelt; learnlearntlearnt; saysaidsaid; meetmetmet; makemademade; leaveleftleft 此类变化涉及到的动词较多,需要同学们认真记忆。 A-B-C 如:beginbeganbegun; blowblewblown; drivedrovedrive; breakbrokebroken; forgetforgotforgotten; eatateeaten; taketooktaken; dodiddone 此类变化涉及到的动词较多,需要同学们认真记忆。 A-A-B 如:beatbeatb
21、eaten A-B-A 如:comecamecome 不规则动词的过去分词变化规则多,但是还是有一定的规律所循,希望同学们多花心思,细心记下, 这是使用完成时态的基础。 现在完成时考点例析 考点一:考查基本概念 例:Both his parents look sad .Maybe they_whats happened to him . A.knew B.have known C.must know D.will know 【解析】现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大,往往无时间状语,需要从上下
22、文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理,正确答案是B。 考点二:考查其用法与标志词(时间状语) 例1:He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? A.already B.never C.ever D.still 例2:Have you met Mr Li _?A.just B.ago C.before D.a moment ago 例3:The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . A.is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 例4:-Ou
23、r country _ a lot so far . -Yes . I hope it will be even _ . A.has changed; well B.changed; good C.has changed; better D.changed; better 例5:Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . A.was; studying B.will; study C.has; studied D.are; studying 例6:We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl. A.kn
24、ow B.had known C.have known D.knew 例7:Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_it twice . A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see 【解析】现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类: (1)现在完成时常与already(已经)just(刚刚,正好)ever(曾经),never(从来,也不;从不)before(以前)yet(仍然)等连用。故例1应选B;例2应选C。(2)现在完成时常与recently(近来),so far(到目前为止),in the past/last + 一段时间等时间状语连用。因
25、为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间,句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故例3应选D,例4应选C。(3)现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用(含从句,从句过去时)。故例5应选C,例6应选C。 (4)现在完成时还与once(一次),twice(两次),three times(三次),several times(几次)等表示重复次数的词语连用。故例7应选B。 (一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如: 1. -Mum, may I go out and play bas
26、ketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished 2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember where I_ A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed 析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。 (
27、二)当句中有for +段时间或since +点时间等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如: 1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for 析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。 2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
28、 析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表段时间的短语连用,故选D。 3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard 析:据since可知,应排除A、C,hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.意为收到某人的来信,故选B。 一、考查其构成 助动词have (has) +动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如: 1. Kates never seen Chinese films,_ ? A.
29、hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she 析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kates是Kate has的缩写,故选B。 2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句) His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasnt, yet。 3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B.
30、had C. did D. have 析:so+助/系/情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。 三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。 如: 1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to 析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为去某地了,C项意为一直呆在某地,D项意为去过某地,符
31、合题意,故选D。 2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been 析:本题句中有for+段时间结构,据此可排除C,B项意为去过某地,不合题意,D项缺介词,故选A。 3.Miss Green isnt in the office.she_to the library . A.has gone B.went C.will go D.has been “have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指的人不在说话的现场。 “have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)。”故例2、3的正确答案皆为A. 四
