1、公共英语三级语法知识汇总公共英语三级语法知识大全 一、句法分析 (1) 二、词法分析 (2) 三、时态 (8) 四、被动语态 (11) 五、情态动词 (12) 六、不定式 (14) 七、定语从句 (17) 八、主语从句 (22) 九、表语从句 (23) 十、宾语从句 (23) 十一、同位语从句 (24) 十二、状语从句 (25) 十三、虚拟语气 (41) 十四、动名词 (27) 十五、现在分词 (28) 十六、过去分词 (31) 十七、独立主格结构 (34) 十八、倒装句型 (35) 十九、强调句型 (36) 二十、主谓一致 (37) 二十一、It的用法 (39) 一、句法分析 1、主语:是句
2、子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词,主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! . 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语 . 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语 . 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语 . 4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语 . 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语 . 6) What we shall do next is not ye
3、t decided.从句作主语 2、谓语: 说明主语的动作,状态或特征 . 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. . 2) His father is an engineer. 3) She seemed happy. . 4) Li Hua showed me his album. 3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物 . 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus. . 2) The medicine is good for a cold. . 3) How many piece
4、s do you want? . 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions. . 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? . 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight 4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。 . 1) The government appointed(任命)her chief delegate (首席代表)to the conference. 1 . 2) I dont believe the story
5、true. . 3) Y ou should put your things in order(有序). . 4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. . 5) We saw the pupils playing basketball. 5、表语:位于系动词如b e之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。 . 1)Wangs father is a doctor. . 2) He is always careless. . 3) The basketball match is on. . 4) All the pupils are
6、on the playground now. . 5) Our aim is to win more medals. . 6) His work is teaching French. . 7) The question is who can really repair the machines. 还有位于以下系动词后面的词,我们也称之为表语: 表示感官的:lookseem(看起来) 、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉起来): He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)他看起来很失望。 The rubbish smells ter
7、rible.垃圾很难闻。 表示变化的:get、become、turn(变得)。It becomes hotter and hotter(形容词作表语). 天变得越来越热了。 6、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,翻译常用的表示。. Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students. . His boy needs Toms pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. . The boy needs a ball pen. The best boy here is To
8、m. . There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. . This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. 7、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 . 1) She sings quite well. . 2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. . 3) He sits there, askin
9、g for a pen. . 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5) If I have some spare time, I will read some story-books. 8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如: . We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生) . We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的我们) 二、词法分析 (一)构词法 1.转化法: 把一种词性用作另一种
10、词性而词形不变的方法,学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名 词。表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词:Y ou should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 I want to write in red.我想用红笔写字。 某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主 语时,谓语用复数 The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法 1)前缀 除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的
11、意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引 起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加 这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如: appear出现disappear消失,correct正确的incorrect不正确的,lead带领mislead 领错、误导,stop停下non-stop不停。 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又),
12、 sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如: alone单独的antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy使高兴 internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话 2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词 的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一),-ian (精通的人),-ist (专业人
13、员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态), -tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ不同于difference区别write写writer作家Japan日本Japanese日本人 act表演actress女演员action动作、行为care细心caerful仔细的、认真的 music音乐musician音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使化),-ize (使成为)。例如:widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯 realrealize意识到organorganize组织 (3)构成形
14、容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示 材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定), -like (像的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如: nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden 金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的 (4
15、)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用 于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如: angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝,east东方eastward向东 3.合成法 1)合成名词 名词+名词weekend周末名词+动词daybreak黎明 名词+动名词handwriting书法名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑 动词+名词typewriter打字机动名词+名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman绅士 副词+动词outbreak爆发 2)合
16、成形容词 名词+形容词snow-white雪白的名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的 名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词+过去分词man-made人造的 数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的 形容词+名词high-class高级的形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词+形容词ever-green常青的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词+过去分词well-known著名的副
17、词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词+名词downhill下坡的 3)合成动词 名词+动词sleep-walk梦游形容词+动词white-wash粉刷 副词+动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词 形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere到处 副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforehand事先 介词+副词forever永远 (二)冠词的基本用法 1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前,如:a book; an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a
18、“u”, an “h”。 2.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the;指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如:the sun, the moon, the earth。 3.表示人体部位的名词前用the:The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.母亲执着小女孩的手,轻轻地拍着她的头。 4.the用于序数词,表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south。 5.在复数姓氏前加the,表示一家人,常看成复数。如:the Browns;用于形容词
19、之前表示一类人或事物:the poor(穷人)、the false(假的东西) 6.用于乐器名称前play the piano; 7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面: (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:in summer, in August (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如:have breakfast ,play football (3)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night. 8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别: in front of 在前面, in the front of 在范
20、围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里。 (三)名词重点举要 1.名词复数的不规则变化 1)由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。 2)除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:The Arabian Nights is a very
21、interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是 一本非常有趣的故事书。 2. 复合名词复数形式的构成 1) 通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上 Brother-in-law-brothers-in-law(堂兄弟们、连襟们)、editor in chief-editors in chief(主编 们) 2)将复合名词的后一个词变为复数 Boy-friend-boy-friends、tooth-brush-tooth-brushes(牙刷) 3)两个部分都变为复数,尤其是指性别时 Man doctor-men doctors woman teacher-women teachers
22、man writermen writers 3 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如: two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 4 、名词的格 语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格, 如:a teachers book。the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所,the childrens parens孩 子的父母。若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 ,如:the workers strugg
23、le 工人的斗争。 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。例如: Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) (四)连词重点用法 1.表示并列关系的连词有:and, bothand, not onlybut also和neithernor 1)and的特别用法: 祈使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=if you,youll Go straight on, and youll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the librar
24、y. 2)bothand既也,(两者)都 A、bothand谓语动词一般用复数。 Both Jim and Kate are from England. B、bothand否定句表示部分否定。 Both my father and my mother arent doctors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。 3)neithernor:既不也不 neithernor连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即采取就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before. 4)not onlybut also:不但而且 not
25、 onlybut also连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 Not only the mother but also the children are ill. 2.表示转折关系的连词有:but, however, yet, still,while等。 Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. Y our composition is
26、fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. 3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or, eitheror,whetheror等。 1)or:或、否则 A:基本用法 or 表示“或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 -Is your friend English or American? -American. He doesnt like dumplings or noodles. B:特别用法 祁使句后连
27、接or ,表“如果,否则”,有转折的意思,此时or =if you dont ,youll Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up,youll be late. 2)eitheror:或者或者; 不是就是;要么要么 A. eitheror连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即就近原则。 Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? B. 由eitheror引导的否定句是完全否定。 She isnt either
28、a student or a teacher. 3)whetheror不管还是 She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. 4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以)。 He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. It was late, so I went home. 5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as After they had p
29、lanted their crops, they took a rest. We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. As soon as he gets to Beijing, hell call me. 1) as 表示“当时”,引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调“一边一边”。He sang as he walked. 2)until用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为“直到为止”;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not.until, 译为“直到才”。 Mr
30、. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来) Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡 觉) 6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果不)等。 If you dont go soon, youll be late.=Unless you go soon, youll be late. 7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because, as, since等。 because“因为”
31、语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末; as“由于”、since“既然”语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。 He didnt go to school because he was ill. As it was raining, we went there by bus. Since everybody is here, lets begin. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 注意:because与so不能同时使用。 8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/t
