1、交通工程专业英语翻译TheEvolutionofTransport交通工程专业英语翻译The_Evolution_of_TransportThe Evolution of Transport 交通运输业的发展 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earths history(交通运输的发展一直与的人类发展的整个地球的历史密切联系在一起。 Transports early function was to meet the basic ne
2、ed of hauling food supplies and building materials(运输的早期功能是为了满足食物供给和搬运建筑材料的基本需求。 But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. 但是随着部落的产生甚至最后国家的形成，运输在社会和经济起到的功能越来越复杂。 At first there was mobility require
3、d for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle(起初有需要调动个人，家族，家庭和动物以保护他们来反抗并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险，从而寻找最好的地方定居。 As tribal groups formed and gradually established t
4、heir geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense(随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益需要交通的发展。 When the first nations came into bein
5、g，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity(当第一个国家应运而生,在建立全国的完整性方面,交通运输扮演着重要角色。 After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade
6、links with other peoples and regions(基本的社会需求一般都得到满足后，当地社区可以越来越多地贡献自己的努力，用来加强他们的经济，文化和科技发展，通过贸易来联系其他国家的人民。 Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade(而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。 During all of this g
7、radual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes(在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成
8、的国际化大家庭表现出来的，交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程，也促进了这种发展，不断地经历着技术与组织方面的改变。 Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances(这些变化是由多种因素和情况引起的。 In fact，todays transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preference
9、s(事实上,今天的运输在它的各种形态和组织安排上仍然高度受到在社会需求和偏好回应的改变所支配。 Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency(显然,首先也是最重要的标准是运输效率。 For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport(几个世纪以来，特别是在地方经济起飞
10、阶段，社会需要可靠、快速和低成本的运输。 The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained(为寻找相对不受限制的合适技术。 There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. 在人类历史上，可靠和快速运输的需求尤其明显，这是提
11、供国家自卫所需的快速解决办法。 During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. 在当地和国际冲突的时期内，人类的聪明才智制定出新的运输技术，往往被证明是为逃生有时也为胜利的决定性因素。 Subsequently refined and developed, such
12、 new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and 完善和发展，这种新技术使人们有可能更好地满足日益增human welfare.随后的加的运输需求，从而改善经济的发展和人类福利。 The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. 为更好的战略机动诱导努力提高海上和陆地运输的需要
13、。 This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. 这导致了更大、更快的船和更可靠、坚固的陆地车辆。 Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. 最后，自我推进介绍，使得汽船、铁路，然后是汽车均得以例证。 Research and development in the transport field
14、finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. 运输领域的研究和发展终于成为一个具体的目标和有组织目标的承诺。 As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.随之
15、而来的是人才和专业知识的集中，越来越复杂的运输技术在进化,如飞机和最新的火箭推进器。 The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by todays transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. 日益复杂的运输手段逐渐发展成今天的运输系统，其中包括空中、路面和水上运输。 Special industry needs have led to the development of tr
16、ansport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. 特殊行业的需求，引起了相当有限的应用的运输模式的发展，如管道，电缆和传送带。 Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather s
17、pecific functions.因为当前社会的需求和偏好，以及经济成本效益的要求，现有的各种运输方式一般都能完成特定功能。 Although transports potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. 尽管运输的潜力以满足社会的流动性需要不断提高，但很明显，这种效益有其代价。 A number of transport technologies
18、implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. 大量的交通技术意味着高能量的消耗能以及要求大量的资金投入生产和经营。 As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. 因此，一些运输方式对使用者来说是昂贵的。 This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating cost
19、s were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. 这引起权益问题，因为需要支付运营成本的费用是不是所有的人口群体负担得起，从而限制其流动性和福利。 Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.许多国
20、家的政府选择了运输补贴，但很快就意识到，预算往往对本国经济造成严重的扭曲。 Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. 各种运输方式造成的污染逐渐成为另一问题，如同世界大多数国家的运输需要应付不断上升的商品流动和人的旅行量严重的问题。 In
21、several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. 在一些地区具有高浓度的人口和产业，这种对环境的不利影响已达到很高的水平。 These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.这种损害引起的这些影响尚未得到充分开发。 Finally, problems caused by dwind
22、ling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. 最后，这些问题引起世界能源资源的日益减少，特别是石油，已越来越多地阻碍交通服务和操作。 Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. 大多数现有的运输方式都是以依赖石油衍生品才能正常运转。 With unaba
23、ted growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. 随着运输需求量的不衰减地增长和能源供应的有限，提供运输的成本已经稳步增加。 In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to
24、 arise in many countries. 特别是，石油需求和石油供应不均衡造成了严重的通货膨胀问题出现在许多国家。 Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.尤其沉重地打击那些部分或是完全依赖外部石油供应并经历了他们经常账户赤字增长的国家。 The transport sectors incre
25、asing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. 运输部门的增加无法满足有效且公平的需求，是一个所有国家必须应对努力促进经济和社会进步的问题。 Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exc
26、hange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. 能源供应的限制，高额的资本和运外汇组件以及与运输有关的环境污染的很大一部分用于这营成本，往往与过度的个严重性的问题。 But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare. 但运输是并将继续是世界
27、的发展和人类福利的基本要求。 There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. 没有别的办法，只能寻求新的交通替代手段或改
28、变相关模式的技术与运行特点，才可以减少能源消耗和造价，对环境的影响也可以保持到最低程度。 Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.显然，交通需求的发展将不得不被控制。 交通工程专业英语 翻译 Unit 17 Highway Capacity道路通行能力 Capacity and levels of services服务水平和通行能力 A principal objective of capacity analysis is the estimation of the maximum nu
29、mber of people or vehicles that can be accommodated by a given facility in reasonable safety within a specified time period. 道路通行能力分析的主要目标就是对在某个时间段内，在保证合理安全的条件下道路由已给定的道路设施所能容纳的行人或汽车的最大流量的评价。 However, because facilities generally operate poorly at or near capacity, they are rarely planned to operate
30、in this range. 然而，由于通常情况下道路设施很难达到或接近通行能力，所以在此领域，很少有人对其做评估。 Accordingly, capacity analysis also provides a means of estimating the maximum amount of traffic that can be accommodated by a facility while maintaining prescribed operational qualities. 因此，通行能力分析也提供了一种用于估算某种设施在保证规定的运行质量条件下所能适应的最大交通量的方法。 Ca
31、pacity analysis is, therefore, a set of procedures for estimating the traffic-carrying ability of facilities over a range of defined operational conditions. 因此，通行能力分析就是一套为估计在特定的运行状况范围内道路设施的交通承载能力的程序。 It provides tools for the analysis of existing facilities and for the planning and design of improve
32、d or future facilities. 它为现有设施的分析，改进设施或者说是未来设施的计划和设计提供了一种方法。 The definition of operational criteria is accomplished by introducing the concept of levels of services. Ranges of operating conditions are defined for each type of facility and are related to amounts of traffic that can be accommodated at each level. 运行标准的定义是通过引进服务水平的概念来确定的，而运行状态范围的规定是为了确定各种类型的设施，并且它与在不同水平下所能承受的交通量有关。 Ideal conditions理想条件 详细的理想条件在每个章节中都给出了明确定义。对于不间断交通流设施和交叉口，下面给出
