1、完整版温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题 目高层建筑结构探索住宅3学 院建工学院专业土木工程班级09土木本一学号0935学生姓名指导教师温州大学教务处制外文资料来源及题目 Building Materials Selection and SpecificationFaeq A .A. Radwan，sep.2010，第4卷，第9号（串行34号）杂志，ISSN1934.7359，美国土木工程及建筑协会.译成中文后题目建筑材料的选择和规格指导教师审阅意见： 签名：年 月 日外文原文 Building Materials Selection and Specificati
2、onFaeq A. A. RadwanFaculty of Engineering, Near East University, KKTC, Lefkosa, Mersin 10, TurkeyAbstract: The limitations in the selection of the building materials and to the sustainability of any building construction materials that can be used are presented. The practices and techniques that can
3、 be used in reducing and minimizing the environmental impacts of building are discussed. Recommendations of using secondary and recycled materials in the construction of buildings are given. Framework for methods of assessment of the sustainability in building construction for environmental performa
4、nce is presented. Key Words: Limitations, sustainability, environmental impacts, framework, climate. 1.Introduction There is an apparently unbounded range of possibilities for the selection of building materials for the construction of structures of almost any shape or stature. Its quality will affe
5、ct the structure function and long life, and requirements may differ with climate, soil, site size, and with the experience and knowledge of the designer. The factors that , manufacturing processes, and the transportation of the materials to the project site the environment. These include the disrup
6、tion of the building occupants manufacture, construction of buildings and the use of building materials make a significant environmental impact internally, locally and globally. But it is not easy to deliver information to make adequate inclusion decisions considering the whole life cycle of a build
7、ing. Decisions on sustainable building integrate a number of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. Selection of sustainable building materials represents an important strategy in the design of a building. 2. SustainabilityIn recent years, the concept of susta
8、inability the subject of much disputation by academics and professionals alike. In 1987, the World Conference on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own nee
9、ds (WCED, 1987).Sustainability must address ecological impacts, regardless of conflicting interpretations of the WCED definition. A good sustainable product must give as much satisfaction as possible for the user. If not, it will be unsuccessful on the market and an economic failure. It is also impo
10、rtant to inform people as to what basis a certain product is considered to be sustainable or not and why they should buy it 4- 5. When developing a new product, it is illustrative to move between the three corners Ecology, Equity and Economy in order to obtain a suitable balance so that each categor
11、y can be fulfilled in the best way. Ecology (environmental protection). Equity (social equity). Economy (economic growth). 2.1 Materials Selection and Sustainability Among the notable technological developments of the 20th century the development of tens of thousands of new materials for use in cons
12、truction and engineering. The construction industry to the point where it is a very large consumer of energy and materials. Concern for the environment and the impact of activity on the Earths ecological systems and the environmental consequences of their use. Environmentalists dioxide values, and s
13、o on. Engineers methods for the choice of materials. These techniques will be reviewed and explored in an attempt to provide an environmentally-aware, materials selection method- logy for use in construction. Strictly, the term sustainable means that something is capable of being sustained not for a
14、n is that if some process which uses materials and energy is described as sustainable, then the materials and energy which are consumed are capable of being replaced by natural or other processes as fast as they are consumed. In many cases materials and energy appear to be consumed at a faster rate
15、than they are being replaced. However, to make a judgment, we would need to know what the respective supply and consumption rates are in other words we need some quantitative or numerical index to uses such large quantities of materials, it the environment. In order to assess and evaluate such impac
16、t, a number of criteria or indices devised by economists, engineers and environmentalists, and the more important of these are the following 2. 2.2.1 Embodied Energy This is quite simply the amount of energy consumed in manufacturing a unit quantity of a material, and it is usually expressed in kJkg
17、. Its value is determined by the efficiency of the manufacturing plant. Values range from 275 GJtonne for aluminum (a Dioxide Embodied C02 is similar to embodied energy. It is the weight of C02 emitted during manufacture of unit weight of the material, and is usually expressed as kg of C02 per ton.A
18、gain, the value will depend upon the efficiency of the manufacturing plant 2. 2.2.3 Ecological Rucksack The ecological rucksack concept was devised as a way of assessing material efficiency by F. Schmidt一Bleek 6. He recognized that many tonnes of raw material could be extracted and processed to make
19、 just one kilogram of material. For example, the environmental rucksack for 2.3 Rational Selection Method There are various approaches to the problem of selecting materials from the talk to their colleagues, previous, similar designs. All these are valid approaches, but they may result in the specif
20、ication of a less than ideal material and overall, a less than optimal solution to the problem 3-5.The basis of the rational selection methods devised to date is a recognition that the performance of a component, artifact or structure is limited by the properties of the materials from which it is ma
21、de. It will be rare for the performance of the item to depend solely on one material property; in nearly all cases, it is a combination of properties, which is important. To give an example, in lightweight design, strength to weight ratio of, and stiffness to weight ratio Epwill be important. Ref. 3
22、 these maps, each class of material occupies a field in material property space, and sub-fields map the space occupied by individual materials. These materials property charts are very information-rich they carry a large amount of information in a compact but accessible form. Interestingly, they rev
23、eal correlations between material properties, which can checking and estimating data, and they can also be used in performance optimization, in a manner such as that set out as follow. If we consider the complete range of materials, it immediately becomes apparent that for each property of an engine
24、ering material there is a characteristic range of values, and this range can be very large. For example, consider stiffness (Youngs Modulus E). Materials range from jelly (very low stiffness) up to diamond (very span five decades (orders of magnitude), A number of conclusions can be drawn, including
25、: (1) A rational selection method such the one put forward by Ashby is capable of incorporating environmental parameters such as embodied energy and C02 or the environmental rucksack concepts, thereby making possible rational selections based on environmental considerations. (2) This method is not a
26、s simple to use as the environmental preference method or the environmental profiles method. However, this rational method could be used to generate data for the environmental profiles and preference methods. (3) The construction industry needs to take steps to better integrate itself into the mater
27、ials cycle. The quantity of demolition waste needs to be reduced, and more of it should be recycled. To this end, the building designers need to keep full records of materials of construction, and buildings need to be designed for easy dismantling at the end of their useful lives. 3. Foundations and
28、 Construction Component In any consideration of which building materials and alternatives can feasibly be integrated into the foundations of a large-scale development there are several limitations that must be considered. In terms of the actual materials that may be used, there are three main limita
29、tions. First, because of the large scale and is climate. In areas with sub-zero winter conditions, frost . For this reason, foundations must be deep enough to support the structure despite any changes in near-surface volume; shallow foundations will be insufficient unless certain innovative steps ar
30、e taken. The limitation of climate also influences any decision on insulating foundations. Finally, there is the consideration of cost. This consideration is reliant on material availability, cost per unit, and building techniques and associated labor. For these reasons, the only materials that can
31、feasibly be used are concrete and steel. Therefore, the alternatives for minimizing impact lie more in the methods of construction and any realistic structural changes that can be made. The three main foundation components of concrete, steel, and insulation will be examined as the only reasonable ma
32、terials for the construction of a building with limitations such as the foundations 1. 3.1 Concrete It is the fundamental component of the foundation construction, receiving the building loads through walls or posts and distributes them down and outwards through the footings. Concrete and cement general) chemical inertness 8. The life cycle concerns of concrete are as follows. First, there is land and , transportation, and manufacture. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a negative environmental impact a
