1、牛津沪教版英语八年级下 Unit1Unit2语法知识点整合八年级下Unit1,Unit2知识点整合1. 条件状语从句（主句用将来时从句用现在时）1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。练习：1. Ill help you with your English if I _(be) free tomorrow.2. He _(not) be late un
2、less he is ill.3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or （其中文意思是什么）youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.2. 原因状语从句1)原因状语从句通常由because, since（因为）, as（因为）引导。例如：He didnt come to school becau
3、se he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he
4、 cant get there easily.Since we have no money, we cant buy it.3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。3. 结果状语从句1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。练习：1. He is _ poor that he cant buy a bike for his son. A so B. such C. much D .too 2. She is _good teacher that everybody likes her. A .such a B. so a C. a so D .a such
5、 )sothat语such.that可以互换。例如：在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面
6、可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。练习：（选出划线部分的近义选项）1）It was such a wonderful film that all of us wa
7、nted to see it again. A so wonderful a film B so a wonderful film2）It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.A so an important match B an so important match C so important a match4. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as th
8、at one.5. 目的状语从句1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may
9、, might等。从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)1.动词不定式的基本概念：动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能做谓语，但可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式跟它的宾语和状语构成了不定式短语，例如：to read the book, to speak at the meeting等。2.动词不定式的用法：动
10、词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特性，因此可在句中作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，状语和定语。句子用法：作主语： eg:1)To take part in sports is important. 2)To see is to believe.动词不定式做主语时常常由it来代替它，做形式主语，而动词不定式放在句末。eg: Its great to see you again. It is important to learn English well. It was rewarding to take part in this exchange programme It will take u
11、s a month to go on study trip to New York. It is necessary for governments to control the population growth.做表语：eg：The best way is to pratice. My dream is either to be a diplomat or to be a teacher of English . A popular use of the computer is to send a e-mail. Her wish is to become a famous star. T
12、he best way is to read the play before you see it.做宾语：eg: We are talking about how to solve the problem. I think it not difficult to keep reading English every morning.做宾补：eg: We all expect him to win the contest. Our teacher told us to listen carefully in class. 注意：感官动词，或使役动词+宾语+无to的不定式 Is Jack in
13、the library ? Maybe I saw him go out with some books just now. Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.做定语：Liu Yang is the Chinese woman astronaut to enter the space. You are the last one to win the price. In the future , human will have less work to do. Why dont you go out
14、 to play Rose? Im afraid I cant . I have a lot of homework to do.做状语：动词不定式做状语可以修饰动词，一般在句中做原因，目的和结果状语，动词不定式做状语可单独放在句首，句中或句末。做结果状语通常用在下列句式中：so as to such as to enough totooto Do you feel energetic and ready to start a new day?His wife was shocked to see how her neighbours treated their children.(原因状语)
15、In ancient China ,food was stored with ice to keep it fresh To water the flowers , he used two baskets. (目的状语)He returned home to find his friend Tom waiting for him.(结果状语)过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。|-|-那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通
16、用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of +
17、 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，
18、从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after
19、引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文
20、来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that
21、he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected mo
22、re than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）5. 过去完成时也用于hardly.when.（刚就）, no sooner.than. （刚就）, It was the first time + that
23、等一些固定句型中。He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用这样的语调跟我讲话，这是第一次。. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette t
24、ape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make3. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music .A .making herself hear B. to mak
25、e herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard4. I dont know whether you happen_ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September.A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tell B .
26、to be told C .telling D .told6. You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked7. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _clear warnings before
27、 firing any shots.A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued9. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_ a room with someone else.A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday.A. robb
28、ed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed _in a fire.A. being destroyed B. having been destroyedC. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed12. The meeting _ next week is sure to be a great success.A. to take place B. to be ta
29、ken placeC. to have taken place D. being taken place13. As a result of my laziness, I failed _ my work in time.A. and finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished14. I am sorry _ written you a letter at the time.A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having15. Will you lend him a magazine _?A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read16. He could do nothing but _for the bus _.A. wait, to come B. wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came17 .It is a problem that doesnt need _ right now.A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be
