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    英语语法集大成版二复合句之名词性从句.docx

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    英语语法集大成版二复合句之名词性从句.docx

    1、英语语法集大成版二复合句之名词性从句 英语中的复合句 -名词性从句 一,名词性从句综合讲解1、分类名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。2、引导词一览表词形词义在从句中所作的成分连词that - -连接代词If/whether是否 -Who(ever)(无论)谁(主格)主语,表语Whom(ever)(无论)谁(宾格)宾语Whose(ever)(无论)谁(所有格)定语What(ever)(无论)什么主语,宾语,表语Which(ever)(无论)哪个主语,宾语,表语连接副词when什么时候状语where在哪里状语how怎样,怎么状语why为什么状语(注:1、because,

    2、as,as if和as though也可以引导表语从句。以后详讲。)3、关于引导词1、引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词:that,whether,if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which. 连接副词:when, where, how, why 2、 that引导名词性从句,本身无词义,也不作从句中任何成分。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。 例如: 主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语

    3、:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满

    4、意我感到很高兴。 (注:由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。 例句: I hope (that) everything is all right.)(补注:不可省略连词(只有连词that才能谈省不省略的问题,因为连词不在从句中作任何成分,且三个连词中只有它没有意义,所以有时候它可以省略)的情况。 (1)介词后的连词(由于that一般不用于引导介词的宾语从句,引都不引导,又何谈省略之说呢?所以这个说法我有所怀疑)。(if也不可

    5、引导介词的宾语从句。引导介词的宾语从句只能由wh-型的词引导。连词中只有whether能引导) (2)That引导主语从句、同位语从句时,一般不能省略。引导宾语从句或表语从句时,可以省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.)(再补注:宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省,在以下几种情况中that不能省略:(A)当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时,that不可省略;(B)当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时,that不

    6、能省;(C)当that作介词宾语时,that不可省掉。如:He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wineEveryone knew what happened and that she was worried.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.)3、名词性wh-从句 由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which,

    7、whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。 例如: 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语:In ones own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语: My question is who wil

    8、l take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语:Im not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。

    9、 4、连词whether和if有词义,表“是否”,在句中不担任任何成分,不能省略。 if, whether引导的名词从句分类: (1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。 例如: 主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before F

    10、riday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语: Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through

    11、 the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 (2)选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成。 例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划 (注:常用whether而不宜用if的六种情况。 whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取

    12、代: 1. 引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. 该从句是作介词宾语 4. 从句后有or not 5、后接动词不定式时。 6、引导同位语从句 例如: (1)Whether he will come is not clear. (2)Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 (3)The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? (4)Everything depends on wheth

    13、er we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 (5)I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来 (6)It does not matter whether she will come or not.她来不来都没关系。 (7)Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? (8)I do not know whether to go.我不知道是否该去。 (9)the problem whether we will build another sch

    14、ool has not been settled.我们是否再建一所学校的问题还没有定下来。)4、注意事项1、what与that初学者易混淆。选what还是that要根据关联词在从句中是否担任成分。that和what的区别:that 引导名词性从句时,在主从句中不以当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定主语、宾语、表语或定语,what的意思是:“什么, 的.” What surprised me most is her cheerful expression on her face.2、名词性从句很作小许变动,易于转化为定语从句。比如说:(1)“wha

    15、t”引导的名词性从句如表示“所事/人”和“什么”“什么样的”相当于定语从句中的“先行词+that/which”引导的定语从句。(2)“whoever”等引导的名词性从句相当于定语从句中的“anyone+who”引导的定语从句。3、名词性从句与定语从句相同点与区别相同点: 名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句和表语从句四种。其在句子中的作用相当于一个名词,分别作主语,宾语,同位语和表语。名词性从句与定语从句,它们都是一个完整的句子,都可由that引导,且句子都用陈述语序。如:A.That he has become a rich man is known to all in our to

    16、wn(That he has become a rich man 是由that引导的主语从句,在句子中做主语)B.The pen that is on the desk is mine.(that is on the desk是由that引导的定语从句,其作用是修饰the pen的。) 以上两种从句都用陈述语序。区别: 两者的区别很多,但你只要掌握下面两种最关键也是最重要的,其它的区别就不在话下了二者最关键也是最重要的区别: (1) 名词性从句和定语从句的最本质的不同点在于,前者在句子中做名词,而后者相当于形容词,修饰或限制名词或代词。名词性从句由that引导时,通常不充当从句的句子成分,故t

    17、hat可省去。但定语从句由that引导时,如在从句中充当主语时,则that不能省去。 (2)使用中最大的区别:定语从句由于在句子中只作定语,故去掉它,整个句子还完整,就像普通的句子去掉一个定语不影响原句的完整性一样。但名词性从句由于它们充当的是句子的骨干成分(主语,宾语或表语),故去掉它们,原句就不通了。如上面的A句,去掉了主语从句That he has become a rich man ,原句变成is known to all in our town。就失去了完整性。而B句,去掉定语从句部分that is on the desk后,原句变成The pen is mine还是通的。4、疑问词

    18、 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句,在从句中要充当一定的部分。如:Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如:Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,Whatever you do, you must do it well.no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如:No matter what you d

    19、o, you must do it well.No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.5、名词性从句中时态与主谓一致等问题 一、宾语从句中主句与从句的时态状况。 (1)宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致,注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。 例如: he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English n

    20、ext year. (从句用一般将来时) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) (2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等; (3)当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,虽然主句是过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America Hello,I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here?

    21、 The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. 二、主语从句与主句谓语保持主谓一致主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语,谓语动词用单数,如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数;由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句,谓语动词用单数。如: When the meeting will begin _not been decided yet. (has) When they will start and where they go _not been decided yet. ( have) Whe

    22、n and where the meeting will begin _not been decided. (has)二、名词性从句分讲 主语从句1. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。 例如:What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚

    23、。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。2、主语从句置后。1、由连词whether、that(if不行,它一般不用来引导主从),连接代词(what、whatever、whoever除外),连接副词引导的主语从句,可以直接用在句首作主语,但主语

    24、从句较长时,为了使句子前后平衡,避免句子头重脚轻。常把主语放到句子后部,前面用it作形式上的主语。但并不强制性,这两者一般可以互换。 例如:下例是Wh-从句作主语时用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末。 It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。(注:主语从句后置,其前使用形式主语it的四个常用句型。 (1) It + be + 名词 + that从句常用于这种句型的名词词组有:a p

    25、ity、a shame、a fact、good news、an hour、a wonder,no wonder等。例句:It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是Its no wonder that youve achieved so much success.Its a pity that we cant go.遗憾的是我们不能去。(注:a pity、a shame等后的从句有时也用虚拟语气。动词形式为:should+动词原形。如:It is a great pity tha

    26、t he should have said so.真遗憾他竟然会这么说。又如:Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。) (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句能用于这种句型中常见的形容词有:strange、natural、obvious、true、possible、impossible、clear、surprising、necessary,right,likely, unlikely,wrong,important,certain等。例句:It is necessary that 有必要It is importan

    27、t that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显It is strange that she did not come yesterday.奇怪的是她昨天没有来。It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。It is certain that most of the farmers have bought in more money by all means.(注:若形容词为necessary、important、essential、strange等,从句可用虚拟语气

    28、,动词形式为:(should+)动词原形。如:Its strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪,她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。又如: It is necessary and important that one(should)master the skill of operating computer so as to meet the need of a job.)(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句常用的过去分词有:said、hoped、believed、expected、dec

    29、ided、told,heard,reported、suggested、advised、ordered、remembered、thought、considered、well known、announced等。例句:It is believed that 人们相信It is known to all that 从所周知It has been decided that 已决定It is reported that our Chinese Team has won the game.据报道我们中国队赢得了这场比赛。It is said that the professor has already su

    30、cceeded in carrying out this experiment.(注:在It+be +that从句中,若过去分词为表示“建议”、“命令”、“愿望”如suggested、ordered、requested、advised、 insisted、required等词时,从句需用虚拟语气。动词形式为:(should+)动词原形。如:It is requested that Mr Wang (should)give a performance.有人请求王先生表演一个节目。又如:It was decided that they (should+) start the project the

    31、 next month.) (4)It+特殊动词(seem,appear,happen,matter等不及物动词)+that从句 例句:It appears that 似乎It happens that 碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起It happened that I was not there that day.那天恰好我不在那里。It happened to me that I had been away when he called.)2、当主语从句在疑问句中时,多用it作形式主语,不论主语从句长短与否,这是一种习惯用法(不包括what,whatever,whoever这几个不用it的词)。 Was it decided that they(should)start the project the next month? Did it happen to you that you had bee


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