1、08跨文化交际考试复习题新跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料 I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. intercultural communication. （参考课本P8.）2.verbal communication communication done both orally and in written languageEasier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share ma
2、ny similar experiences.More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different.3. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, incl
3、uding the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.4. culture shock It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whet
4、her voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1.Whats the relationship between language and culture ？Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.Culture influences language by way of s
5、ymbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.2. Describe the different ways in showing hosp
6、itality between Chinese culture and western culture Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble. Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say no, we usually wait for the second and
7、third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores no, we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely. Their refusal is accepted as genuine. Westerners don
8、t press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner? In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In
9、China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left. In China, many peopl
10、e send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gift
11、s.4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components. The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable
12、in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicators intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthet
13、ic co-orientation, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals capacity to express cognitive and affective experien
14、ces outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.5. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another? To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a persons age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people
15、pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salaries, people usually dont consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.6. How to address people in both Chinese and English?（参考课本P22-24.）
16、 7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms? In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to ones parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are olde
17、r or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side and whether ones brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not ones relatives; kin terms are widely used to a
18、ddress known or unknown people While in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometim
19、es simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms dont tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situation
20、s, either formally or informally, people wont use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.8. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at
21、least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can
22、be open to many interpretations.9. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological development The development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination. (2). Widespread p
23、opulation Migrations (3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business. (4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but
24、 build on commonality.10. what are meanings in communication?Utterance meaning : what it normally meansSpeakers meaning: the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning .Hearers meaning: the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaningCase:A Chinese student had just arr
25、ived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out whats going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above Question: Would you please ana
26、lyze the saying “ Watch out” with the three meanings in communication?Key to the question:1.Utterance meaning: Be careful!2.Speakers meaning: Dont pull out !3.Hearers meaning: Something is happening! Look out!11.How to determine genius inviting or false one ?1). Please read the dialogue; try to unde
27、rstand its function.A: It was nice talking to you. I have to run to class.B: OK, maybe we can meet sometime soon.A: Yeah, Id love to. Why dont you drop by my house?B: Great. Got to go. See you soon. It is very common dialogue among Americans. It functions as a signal for ending an interaction or for
28、 an indication of friendliness. It will not lead to definite future meeting. In American culture, however, a genuine invitation is always made with clear indication of activity, time and place or the meeting. There is usually a negotiation about the time and place and a definite reply is expected. 2
29、). Now study the following statements and think how you would respond to each of them. Discuss in small groups.1.Lets get together soon.2.I havent seen you for a long time. You must come round for dinner sometime.3.Its good seeing you. Ill invite you to tea later.4.Im going to give a party this week
30、end. Come if you like.5.How about joining us for dinner this Friday night?Keys to Question 1, 2, and 3, are unreal invitations, because the speaker doesnt give the specific time and place for the get-together. Youd better reply like “Thank you.” “Id love to very much.” Dont question about “when” or
31、“where”, for the speaker doesnt really mean to do any invitation. Statements4 and 5 are invitation as they give specific time. But they may sound uncertain to a Chinese ear because of the tone of the verbal invitation. Easterners (Chinese) would most likely say something. Like: “Do come. Please do c
32、ome.”3). Summary Pay more attention to the features of “false” invitation.1.Indefinite reference of time, place.2.No inquiry or immediate reply or decision.3.Adverbs indicating the uncertainty of time like:“One day”,” Someday”, “soon” etc.Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)Case 1 Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forg
