1、,睢春雨、刘丽、顾晓玲、邸杰一、陈婧,Language,Culture,Outline,1）Cultural-relatedidioms、proverbsand metaphors.Thedefinitionofidiom习语的定义Thedefinitionofmetaphor暗喻的定义2）Thesignificanceofculturalteaching andlearingBasicfunctionofculture文化的基本功能The significanceofcultureteaching 文化教学重要性The significanceofculturelearing文化学习重要性,
2、3）Cuturaloverlapanddiffusion（文 化重叠和文化传播）ThedefinitionofcultureoverlapThedefinitionofculturediffusionInterculturalcommunication(跨文化交 际)ThedefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationTheimportanceofinterculturalcommunicationThepurposeofinterculturalcommunication,Cultural-relatedidioms、proverbsand metaphors（
3、暗喻）,l.习语（idiom）分为两种含义：（1）language of a people or country；specific character of this language(一个民族或国家的语言，这种语言的特殊特点)（2）(grammar)succession of words whose meaning is not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the constituent words butmust be learnt as a whole(语法连串之词表示整体意义而不表各词单个的意义)。此
4、习语包括谚语（proverb）、俚语(slang)、俗语（colloquial）等。,FORexample：,1.apple_pie order(苹果派的次序)，但又引申为整整齐齐。Before her guests arrived,the hostess had put her house in apple-pie order.在客人到来前，女主人将房间收拾得整整齐齐。2.God help those who help themselves.自助者天助。3.cats paw 猫爪子，引申为“被人当作工具使用”或“受人愚弄 的人”。4.Cats hide their claws.（知人知面不知
5、心）。5.In fair weather prepare for the foul.晴天要防阴天，引申为“有 备无患”或“居安思危”或“未雨绸缪”。6.Murder will out.谋杀终必败露，引申为“纸包不住火”7.When Greek meets Greek,then comes the tug of war.希腊人 相 遇希腊人，定有一场好斗，引申为“两雄相争，其斗必烈”。8.Every man has a fool in his sleeve.人人袖子里都装着个傻瓜，引申为“人人都有糊涂的时候”。,2.Metaphor is the main body and explains t
6、he body also to appear,between them in formally is the relations which coincides,said that the armor(main body)is(explains word)the second grade(to explain body).Explains word by Was,is,becomes,has become,turns and so on table judgment words and expressions to act as.The metaphor is called the metap
7、hor.,暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上 是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻 体）。喻词常由：”是”就是”成了”成为”变成”等表判断的词语来充当。暗喻也 叫隐喻。,Here is two opinions about Metaphor：,(1)塞尔同意用“是”和“像”来区分隐喻和 明喻。塞尔基于他对隐喻/明喻的区分的理 解为隐喻提供了一个公式：说者说S是P时意 谓的是S是R。Eg:(1)You are a red，red rose.你像一朵红玫 瑰可能是真的，它属于明喻，而说你是一朵红玫 瑰则一定是假的。它属于暗喻。Eg:（2）Lili is a big monkey.丽丽
8、像只大猩猩 可能是真的，它属于明喻，而说丽丽是只大猩猩 则一定是假的。它属于暗喻。Eg:(3)He is a pig.他像一头猪可能是真的，它属 于明喻，而说你是一头猪则一定是假的。他属于 暗喻。,(2)戴维森对这一思路提出了强烈的异他 议提。出：“隐喻完全依赖于这些语词 的通常含义。如果说隐喻所用的词儿 另有一个隐含的意义，那么，隐 喻本身就会消失。,Egburned up(发火)无非是说他很生气，但我们会想像成某人生气时着火冒烟的样 子。,Thesignificanceofculturalteaching andlearing（文化教学与学习的重要性）,1、Basic functions
9、of cultureWe are not born knowing what clothes to wear,what games to play,what foods to eat,which gods to worshipor how to spend our money or our leisure time.It is culture that teaches us all.Culture has now envolved to the point where they are peoples primary means of satisfying three types of nee
10、ds basic needs(food、shelter and physical protection)dderived needs(organization of work distribution of food、defense、social control)integrative needs(psychologicalsecurity、social harmony purpose in life)文化现在已经演变成了一个满足人们最基本的三种需要的领域。,2、Theofcultureteaching 文化教学重要性,A.Culture in language structure(语言结构教
11、学中的文化）,The culture in language structure refers to the cultural traits in linguistic points,which are from words,phrases,syntax and discourse.In other words,different culture background results in different ways of expressions.语言结构中的文化指语言领域中的文化特征。该领域包括词汇、短语、句法、语篇。换言之，不同的文化背景产生不同的表达方式。1、Take the Engl
12、ish-speaking people as an example,they would like to tell the address from small areas to larger ones,and also,to express time,they tend to from hour,day,month till year.While,in China,we have a completely opposite way.Therefore,teachers should help students to know some special expressions,which ar
13、e different from Chinese.,2.Lets see another example.A:Wont you come?(你不来吗?),B:Yes,I will.No,I wont.,(不,我去。)（对，我不去。）5:200,3.There are also structural differences in sentence making.“Each of the broadcasting companies is linked to approximately 200 affiliated stations to which it provides major enter
14、tainment programs which they could not produce if they were obliged to depend localresources.”(每个广播公司下面都联系有大约200个附属 广播站,由公司向这些广播站提供主要文艺节目,这些节目 主要靠各站就地取材是难以编排出来的。)5:201 On the contrary,Chinese sentence structure is relatively casual and loose.,B.Culture in semantics（语义教学中的文化）,The culture in semantics
15、 refers to the cultural connotation,which is reflected by language loaded in the semantic system.语义中的文化指文化的内涵。这种内涵是通过语言在语义系统中的载入 反映出来的。A word,in different kinds of language,shares the same literal meanings,but it will be different in cultural connotation.For example,wheel,in Chinese,only means lnzi(
16、轮 子)，but in“He is a big wheel.”it means that he is an important figure in one group or some field.Also,potato,in Chinese,is a kind of common vegetable tdu(土 豆),but in the sentence“Im a potato.”It means Im not famous,or I dont play a significant role.These two examples show the special connotations a
17、dding to the cultural background.In contrast,we Chinese dont have the same expressions.The inequality of cultural connotation exists.Lets take the word wine as an example.In English,it only refers to some drinks made from grapes or some other fruits.On thecontrary,“酒”in Chinese,it has a wider meanin
18、g,which can contain any alcoholic drinks,grape wines and beer.,Some words have same essence inside,but have different images in peoples mind under different cultural background.yellow,a kind of colour黄,颜色 或指 不健康Some idioms reflect the deep cultural background,like historical stories,religion and cus
19、toms.We sometimes easily know the literal meaning,but we still confused what they really want to convey.Like“its Greek to me.”does not refer to the Greek language,but means“I dont know at all”.Also,“talk turkey”do not tell you that lets say something about the animal turkey but means“to be frankly”,
20、C.culture in pragmatics（语用教学中的文化）,We should be aware of the usage with different cultural loads between Chinese and English.Cross-cultural pragmatics tells us the appropriate translation of the two sentences below.C:他跟老人招呼了一声：“吃过没有，老爹？”E:“Good morning,grandpa,”he greeted the old man.7:222Obviously,w
21、hen Chinese men greet with each other,they are accustomed to asking whether they have meals.It will confuse westerners,because they tend to ask hello,good morning,such greeting words like this.So this isthe difference between two cultures.,3.The significanceofculturelearing（文化学习的重要性）A:Excuse me,Sir?
22、B:Yes,what is it？A:My mother is not very well,SirB:So?A:She has to go into hospital,Sir?B:Well,get on with it,what do you want?A:On Thursday,Sir?B:Bloody hell man,what do you want?A:Nothing,Sir,Cuturaloverlapanddiffusion,文化重叠、文化传播What causes cultural overlap and diffusion?1、Culture overlap(文化重叠)-Sim
23、ilarities in natural environment and psychology of human beings causes cultural overlap.（由于具有类似的自然环境和心理因素 从而形成了文化重叠。）比如说，亚洲国家的都属于高情景文化人，他们 在工作、生活中就具有很多相似的交际礼仪。即 亚洲国家在交际方面存在着文化的相容性，即重 叠。,2、Culture diffusion（文化扩散）-Through communication,some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of cult
24、ure B,thus brings about culture diffusion。（在交流的过程中，文 化A的一些元素进入了文化B中，而且成为了文化B中的 一部分，因而产生了文化扩散。）PS：1、Cultural diffusionhas been shaped gradually but unceasingly.（文化扩散是缓慢而持续的形成的。）2、Cultural diffusion leads to the creation of loan words.Load words in Chinese and English肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、巴士、因特网Typhoon,gongfu
25、,tofu,ect.,Intercultural,communication,跨文化交际The definition ofinterculturalcommunicationInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunication thattakesplacepeoplebetweenpeopleofdifferent culturalbackgrounds,whoseculturalperceptionsand symbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthe communicationevents.,Theimport
26、anceofinterculturalcommunication studinga second languagewithoutlearningtheculture is like learning how to drive a car by studing a drives manual and never behind a steering wheel.Forexample:吹牛 talkcow()talkhorse()酒肉朋友 wine-meatfriend()fair-weather friend()红眼病 thered-eyed monster()thegreen-eyedmonst
27、er(),ThepurposeofinterculturalcommumicationThe study of intercultural communication aims to understand the influence of culture on our activities,beliefs,and behaviours in order to reduce misunderstangdings that result from cultural varieties.下面给大家一个例子：jimmy邀请tony 来参加他举办的basketballclub,但是tony更喜欢ping
28、pong，所以tony写信 来回绝Jimmy的邀请.,Hello,jimmy:Im shy to tell you,I like other sport.So I dont take part in your club.You may ask why?Not what other reasons.I intereast more in pingpong and it is cheapter.I think,except me,more people will spport you.June 1st Tony,June 1st,Dear Jimmy,Its very kind of you to invite me to join the Basketball Club.I am most grateful to be asked.However,I like playingPingpong very much.I am afraid that I can not take part in your club.I am sorry for that and good luck to your club.Yours Tony,
