1、which的用法which的用法1、在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况（单数或复数）。2、在问句中作为疑问代词，在名词从句中作为连接代词用，其含义为“哪个、哪些”。3、如果非限制性定语从句的先行词不是指主句内容，而是指具体的人、时间、地点，则不用which。解题过程这里主要讲解一下在定语从句中的用法：一、关系代词that和which在定语从句中作主语和宾语，放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用。指物时，一般情况下可互换。如：Here is the pen that/which you lost yesterday.(that/which指物作宾语)A plane is a ma
2、chine that/which can fly.(that/which指物，作主语)He is the most careful boy that I know.(that指人,作宾语)The man that works in this room is a chemist.(that指人,作主语)二、that,which在从句中作主语时，不能省略。作宾语时在口语中和非正式问题中经常省略。如上例1和中的that,which都可省略。三、 关系代词在主语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。Wheat is a plant that/which is grown in the
3、 north of China.四、在定语从句中，关系代词that和which指物时，一般没有区别，但下列几种情况中不能互换：1 只能用that的情况：a)先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything,little等不定代词时（something后也可用which）：Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?Thats all (that) I know.b)先行词被序数词所修饰时：The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan.c) 先行词被
4、形容词最高级所修饰时：This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen.The nanjing yangtse river bridge is the longest bridge (that) they have ever seen.d)先行词 被only,very,no,any,same,little,one of等词所修饰时：This is the only thing (that) we can do now.He gave me the same pen (that) he borrowed
5、 from me.Do you have any books that were written by Lu Xun?This is the very book (that) I want to read.e)当先行词中既有人又有物时：The man and the car (that) you want to see are all here.你相见的人和车都在这里。f) that可指人，which则不能：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?g) 在“the time when”等结构和某些时间状语中，when常被t
6、hat代替，而且that往往省略：I may leave here any time I want to.During the time I was there I visited him twice.h)way后面可根由that引导的定语从句，但that一般都省略：That was the way she looked after us.2 在下列情况中，只能用which:a)放在介词后面做介词宾语时：This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.但是，如把介词放在从句的后部，这时which就可换为that并常省略。
7、如上例可改为：This is the question (that) weve had so much discussion about.b) 在非限制性定语从句，无论指物指人，都不能用that。指物时，只能用which和其他关系代词。如：All the books there,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.1.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线in to days 提问) How_ _ the work going to be finishe
8、d ? 2. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态) An English song _ _ _ by the children. 3. You neednt do it now. (改为被动语态) It _ _ _ by you now. 4. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态) Metal _ _ _making machines. 5. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态) I _ _ _ _ that for him. 6.They a
9、re watching the football match. The football match _ _ _ by them. 7.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态) _ a bridge _ here by them a year ago? 8.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态) The light green dresses _ _ _ out. 9.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态) The game _
10、_ “Lianliankan” by us.1.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线in two days 提问)How soon is the work going to be finished ?2. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态)An English song will be sung by the children.3. You neednt do it now. (改为被动语态)It neednt be done by you now.4. People
11、use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态)Metal is used for making machines.5. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态)I was made to do that for him.6.They are watching the football match.The football match is being watched by them.7.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态)Was a bridge built here
12、by them a year ago?8.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态)The light green dresses have been sold out.9.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)The game is called“Lianliankan” by us.公式：be+动词的过去分词 应用范围：表示被动的情况，一般是及物动词有被动语态，切记不及物动词与一些固定词组是没有被动语态的。例如：happen, take place 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来
13、的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组
14、)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the fact
15、ory. The bikes are madeby themin the factory. 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁
16、偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。 (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动
17、词be有人称、时态和数的变化。一、被动语态的用法：1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +
18、及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees mus
19、t be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are be
20、ing planted over there by them.7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1.先找出谓语动词；2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1.Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce
21、every week.2.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3.He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far.4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5.Lucy is writing a letter now.A let
22、ter is being written by Lucy now.6.You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1.不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官动词或使役动词
23、使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy
24、work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5.一些动词短语
25、用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.一、如何变人称; 下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如
26、果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第
27、三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 二、如何变时态： 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如： 1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen 2)She said. We hope so.She said t
28、hey hoped so. 3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。 The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves
29、 around the earth。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980
30、。 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。 三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如： He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his. 四
