1、大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习整理 权威版 后附试题2012词汇学复习资料The development of the English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are b
2、elieved to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼
3、亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族 Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语 Czech捷克斯洛伐
4、克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系 Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族 Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 FrenchIndo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语 Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 German
5、ic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言 English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语 - GreekChapter 1 A General Survey of A WordThe Definition of Word A word is(1) A minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unity of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form
6、that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A word is a smallest unit of a language.1. The development of English vocabulary The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (4491100) The former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Ang
7、les, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.b/ Middle English period (1100-1500) characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and g
8、overnmental administration (judge, justice)c/ Modern English period (1500-) the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek b
9、orrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria A. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) words In English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic w
10、ord stock of English language.The fundamental features of the basic word stock are: 1. National character; 2. Stability; 3. Word-forming ability; 4. Ability to form collocations Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in eve
11、ryday speech and writing. B. By level of usage 1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life: “The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”) 2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches
12、, e.g. Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early.): a. Archaic words; b. Poetical words See P13 3. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends and colleagues,e.g. “John was fired for petty thieving” 4. Slang words C. By notion: function words and content ( P 17) fu
13、nction words are short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so on, they serve grammatical meaning Content wordsby the truck.Chapter 2Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- m
14、orpheme What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme? 语素 词素 -形位 2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound. Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, ma
15、y constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other
16、morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes). Task: (1) Read the following words and find the root in each word
17、. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly. (2) What is your definition of root? A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed. (3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two
18、 types of roots - Free root In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith. - Bound root However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, per
19、ceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc. these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixes Affix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
20、- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings: (1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; en in oxen. (2) the genitive case: e.g. s in boys, childrens. (3) the verbal endings: for example, a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows th
21、e third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle. (4) the comparative and superlative degrees: e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like
22、smallest, hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes) can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. task: list some prefixes that c
23、an modify the parts of speech. - en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich - be- as in words like befriend, belittle - a- as in words like asleep, aside (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech
24、into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorpheme It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.What is a
25、n allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。 Two types of affixes: Inflectional affix
26、es and Derivational affixes屈折词缀和派生词缀 Inflectional affixes function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,estDerivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewri
27、te. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. (2) Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.Root, stem, base 词根、词干、词基A root is that part of
28、a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both d
29、erivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。 它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。Task: Analyse the word in terms of roo
30、t, stem and base.undesirable (n.): 不是词根（可再分解）；是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如名词复数 -s），也是词基。 free morpheme (自由形位) Morpheme: bound root (粘附词根)(形位) bound morpheme（粘附形位） inflectional affix（屈折词缀） affix prefix （前缀） （词缀） derivational affix （派生词缀） suffix （后缀）1. Affixation (derivation) 词缀法 Affixation is generally defined as t
31、he formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. According to the positions that affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses; prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation: Prefix do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes. e. g. asleep a (a- + v), encourage V (en- + n), unearth V (un- + n), de-oil V (de- + n), postw
