1、大气复习题 部分汉化版1. FGD is Flue Gas Desulfurization.（FGD：烟气脱硫）2. EGR is Exhaust Gas Recycle.（EGR：废气再循环技术）3. ESPs is Electrostatic Precipitators.（ESPs：静电除尘器）4. ODP is ozone depletion potential.（ODP：臭氧消耗潜能）5. VOCs is volatile organic compounds.（VOCs：挥发性有机化合物）6. Some of the most important air pollutions are
2、secondary pollutants, formed in the atmosphere from primary pollutant precursors.（一些最重要的空气污染都是二次污染，他们是由主要的初期污染物质在大气中形成的）7. Before 1960, our principal concern about air pollution effects was with property damage. Since 1960, we have been concerned primarily with human health.（1960之前，我们的资金主要用于关注空气污染带来
3、的财产损失，1960之后，我们主要关注的是人类的健康。）8. Air pollution: is the presence of man-made harmful materials in the air, in quantities large enough to produce harmful effects.（空气污染：指空气中存在的有害的人造材料，在数量足够大时造成的有害影响）9. Global warming (greenhouse effect): Humana are putting gaseous materials into the atmosphere that may c
4、ause the earths average temperature to rise.（全球变暖：10. The overall air pollution problem takes the following form: emission transport, dilution, and modification in the atmosphere effects on people, property, and the environment. （大体上大气污染问题的构成如下：排放在大气中逸散、稀释、反应对人体，财产，环境造成影响）11. The basic problems in a
5、mbient monitoring and source testing are the collection of a representative sample and the correct analysis of that sample. The collection of a representative sample is the harder part.（环境监测和污染原因测试的基本问题是有代表性样本的搜集和这些本的正确分析。）12. The two meteorological parameters of greatest interest to air pollution e
6、ngineers are the atmosphere stability and the wind speed.（大气污染工程师最感兴趣的两个气象因素是大气的稳定性和风速）13. In general, stable atmospheres and low wind speeds lead to the highest ground-level pollution concentration.(大体上讲，稳定的大气和低风速导致了最高级别的地面污染浓度)14. Pollutant concentration models are based on known emission rates an
7、d meteorology.（污染物浓度模型是基于众所周知的排放速率和气象）15. Gaussian plume models are widely used for point sources.（高斯羽模型被广泛的应用于点源）16. If we have an air pollution problem how do we solve it? There are three control options available.(1) Improve dispersion: tall stacks, intermittent control schemes, relocate the plan
8、t;（改善排放途径：高烟囱，间歇控制计划，搬迁工厂）(2) Reduce emission by process change, pollution prevention;（改进工艺以减少排放；污染防治）(3) Use a downstream pollution control device.（采用下游污染控制策略）17. “3T” are time, temperature and turbulence.（时间，温度，燃料与空气混合）18. If one is face with an air pollution problem, the alternatives for alleviat
9、ing it are improved dispersion, process change, or downstream control devices.（减轻污染的方案是改善排放途径，工艺改进，或采用下游污染控制策略）19. In current U.S. law and practice the first choice is process change; the second is a downstream control device; and only if these, taken together, cannot meet the applicable standard ma
10、y improved dispersion be used.（目前在美国法律和实践第一选择的是改进工艺，第二是采用下游污染控制策略，如果这两者都不能达到适用的标准就可能会改善排放途径）20. If the pollutant is valuable itself or as a fuel, and if its concentration is high enough, the best control solution may be to recover the pollutant or use it as a fuel.（若污染物本身是有价值的，或能作为燃料，并且如果它的浓度足够高，最好的
11、控制解决方案可能是回收污染物或用作燃料。）21. In most calculations, the penetration is a more convenient measure of control equipment performance than is the control efficiency.（大量计算结果表明，penetration在控制设备性能方面比控制效率是一种更方便的措施）22. Most air pollutants are the direct and indirect result of combustion or processes using combust
12、ion.（大部分污染物是充分燃烧或非充分燃烧直接或间接的产物）23. All pollution control devices that teat gases with even trace amounts of SO2 must be protected against acid dew point corrosion.（所有选用优质的二氧化硫气体的污染控制设备，即使量很少也必须得到保护，以防酸露点腐蚀）24. Catalysts are widely used in air pollution control. The catalyst support in the form of a
13、honeycomb is most widely used because its pressure drop is less than that of alternative forms.（催化剂被广泛应用于空气污染控制。神马神马是被广泛应用的因为它的压降比其他形式小）25. The particles of air pollution interest are mostly in the size range 0.1to 10.（interest空气污染颗粒直径范围为0.1to 10）26. Particles smaller than about 2 are rarely produce
14、d by mechanical means; they are primarily produced by condensation or chemical reaction of gases or vapors.（直径小于2的颗粒很少是机械方法产生的，他们主要是由气体和蒸汽的凝结或化学反应产生的 ）27. These small particles behave quite differently from the particles with which we are familiar, like sand and gravel. Their high surface area per u
15、nit mass makes them adhere to one another if they are brought into contact.(这些小颗粒的性质完全不同于我们说熟悉的像沙子，砾石一类的颗粒。他们有很高的比表面积，这是他们相接触时很容易黏在一起)28. Because particles of air pollution interest are rarely present in the air or in a gas stream as a uniform particle size set, we normally have to deal with the dis
16、tribution of particle size.（由于interest空气污染颗粒在空气或气流中很少有相同的大小，我们通常要处理粒度的分布）29. The fine particles in the atmosphere are largely secondary particles, formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors. Most of the coarser particles in the atmosphere are primary particles, which enter the atmosphere as pa
17、rticles.（大气中细颗粒主要是次级粒子，形成于大气中的gaseous precursors，大气中大部分的粗颗粒是初级粒子，他们作为粒子进入大气层）30. Gravity settling chambers, cyclones, and ESPs work by driving the particles to a solid wall where they form agglomerates that can be collected.（重力沉降室，旋风除尘器，静电除尘器的工作原理就是把颗粒drive to a driver，使他们凝聚在一起能够被收集）31. Filters and
18、scrubbers divided the flow. They have different design equations from wall collection devices and from each other.（过滤器和洗涤器）32. Surface filters are used to collect most of the particles in a heavily laden gas stream. Depth filters are mostly used for the final cleanup of air or gas that must be very
19、clean or for fine liquid drops.（表面过滤器主要用于，深度过滤器主要用于）33. To collect small particles, a scrubber must have a very large relative velocity between the gas being cleaned and the liquid drops. For this reason co-flow scrubbers are most often used. The venture scrubber is the most widely used type of co-f
20、low scrubber.（为了收集小颗粒，洗涤器必须在被洗涤气体和液滴之间有一个很大的相对速度。）34. The VOCs control alternatives are prevention, concentration and recovery, or oxidation.（挥发性有机物控制方案是：源头控制，浓缩，回收，氧化）35. What are the development problems with limestone scrubbers?(1)corrosion; (2)solids deposition, scaling and plugging; (3)entrainm
21、ent separator plugging; (4)poor reagent utilization; (5)poor solid-liquid separation.（1,、腐蚀2、固体沉积，结垢和堵塞3、分离器堵塞4、poor reagent utilization5、poor solid-liquid separation.）36. SO2 emissions from human activities are mostly due to the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels and the smelting of metal
22、 sulfide ores.（人类活动排放的二氧化硫主要是由于含硫的矿物燃料燃烧和金属硫化物矿石冶炼）37. What is the overall control strategy for SO2 emissions?(1) Convert the sulfur to CaSO42H2O and return it to the ground in some kind of landfill(2) Use CaSO42H2O to make wallboard.(1、利用钙盐吸收SO2转换成CaSO42H2O，然后进行填埋处理2、把CaSO42H2O用于建材)38. What is the
23、most common approach for liquid or gaseous fuels containing reduced sulfur?The most common approach is to use catalytic process to convert the contained sulfur to H2S, remove that by scrubbing the gas with a weakly alkaline solution, convert the H2S to elemental sulfur by the Claus process克劳斯二段脱硫法,
24、and either sell that sulfur for sulfuric acid production or place it in a landfill.（最常用的方法是使用催化剂把燃料中的硫转化为H2S，并用弱碱性的液体吸收H2S。之后用二段脱硫法把H2S转化成硫，然后可以制成硫酸出售，或进行填埋处理）39. For metal sulfide ore smelting, which produces waste gases with 4 percent or more SO2, the common approach is to convert that SO2 to sulf
25、uric acid.（硫矿的冶炼时，产生的SO2气体大于4%时，最常用的方法是把SO2转化为硫酸）40. For coal used in a large power plant, the most common approach is to burn the coal and then treat the plants exhaust gas with limestone or lime in a forced-oxidation wet scrubber or a spray dryer, to convert SO2 to CaSO42H2O, which will then go to
26、 a landfill or a wallboard plant.（对于一个大型电厂用煤，最常用的方法是燃烧煤，利用石灰石或石灰在湿式洗涤器或喷雾干燥塔中将废气强制氧化，使SO2转换为CaSO42H2O，然后回收利用）41. Combustion scientists classify the nitrogen oxides found in combustion gases as thermal, prompt, and fuel nitrogen oxides.42. The rate of conversion of NO to NO2 in flames is fairly slow,
27、 so that most of the NOx in flames is NO. The proportion is typically 90 percent NO, 10 percent NO2.（在火焰中一氧化氮转化为二氧化氮的速率很慢，从而使火焰中大部分氮氧化物都是NO。这个比例通常是90%的一氧化氮，10%的二氧化氮。）43. Global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, and acid rain are pollution problems that cannot dealt with mostly local regulatio
28、ns局部调节 used for other air pollutants. If action is to be taken, worldwide action is need.（全球变暖，全球变暖，臭氧层破坏，酸雨的污染不能依靠地方性的局部调节，如果要采取行动，必须要在全球范围呢进行。）1Air pollution is the presence of harmful materials in the air, in quantities Large enough to produce harmful effects.2A perfect air pollution philosophy a
29、nd its implementing regulations are cost-effective, simple, enforceable, and .3Generally there are two kinds of air pollution measurements: ambient measurements and measurements.4In stack sampling for particulatesbut not in any sampling for gasesone must maintain into the sampling probe.5The horizon
30、tal movement of the atmosphere is driven mostly by uneven heating of the earths surface and modified by the effect of and the influence of the ground the sea.6Pollutant concentration models are based on known emission rates and .These models play a crucial role in the Air Quality Management type of
31、air pollution control strategy currently used in the United States and much of the rest of the world.7In air pollution control, we can indicate three logical approaches to improving dispersion:tall stacks, intermittent control schemes, .8As shown in any fluid mechanics book there is an for pumped fl
32、uid flows. This velocity minimizes the sum of pumping costs and the capital charges for the equipments.9Consequently, any air pollution control device that treats a gas containing SO2 must either be made of corrosion-resistant materials, which are expensive, or be protected against corrosion.10Any two particles that have the same value of will have the same Stokes stopping distance for any initial velocity (in air with the same viscosity).11The finest particles, with diameters 0.005 to
