1、新东方考研考研英语二真题及答案完整版新东方考研：2011考研英语二真题及答案(完整版) 新东方考研：2011考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and
2、freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to mak
3、e the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of
4、 online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by
5、the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to
6、 establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administ
7、rations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, wh
8、o worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.
9、A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.re
10、alize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.uni
11、ted17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions
12、 after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without
13、 attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much tim
14、e, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling,
15、outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one
16、proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earni
17、ngs increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive
18、, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm bef
19、ore bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very pop
20、ular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased execu
21、tivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred
22、 from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A
23、permissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doo
24、m. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. Ger
25、man and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been
26、much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate m
27、easures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their r
28、evenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been
29、concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By
30、 saying “Newspapers like their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .Area
31、ders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDare less affected by readership29. What can
