1、答疑3清考题型Part I Writing (本题满分15分)Part II Speed Reading (本题满分10分; 每题1分) Part III Multiple Choices (本题满分10分; 每题0.5分) （词汇和语法）Part IV. Reading Comprehension (本题满分40分, 每题2分)Part V Cloze (本题满分10分; 每题0.5分)Part VI Vocabulary (本题满分10分, 每题1分) （每个单元Section A&B课后练习第三题）Part VII Translation (本题满分5分; 每题1分) ( 课后短语)Ch
2、ildrens EatingRaising children can be a challenging job. It can also be rewarding. When it comes to eating, the more caregivers know about childrens natural eating patterns, the easier and more rewarding the job of feeding children can be. Like many other behaviors, childrens eating patterns are lar
3、gely learned. Starting from infancy (婴儿期), a child learns what can be eaten and what cannot, what is appropriate within the culture and the family regarding food manners, what types of food are liked and disliked, and what cues are important in controlling the amount of food eaten. Childrens eating
4、patterns move through predictable stages of development that present challenges and opportunities for learning and mastering proper eating patterns. Early feeding interactions influence the set of skills and behaviors children possess as their eating moves from completely depending on their caregive
5、rs to relying more on themselves. Inborn (天生的) Abilities, Preferences, and Transitions (转变) Because a newborn spends about 50% of his waking time eating, the feeding interaction is perhaps an infants most important experience. Feeding not only supplies energy for growth, it also establishes his bond
6、 with his mother, provides a sense of security and pleasure for the infant, and presents repeated opportunities for learning and social exchange. A childs transition to solid food is a dynamic (不断增长的) period of growth and learning. Eating patterns change more during this period than during any other
7、 time of life. This transition requires rapid learning about flavors, food, manners, and social exchange. An often unrecognized milestone (里程碑) in young childrens eating behavior is dealing with a fear of new food. Young children are inclined to be afraid of new food when they are between 18-24 mont
8、hs of age. Children previously judged as good eaters often begin to reject new food and refuse formerly accepted, familiar items. Childrens acceptance of new food does not happen right away. It requires repeated experience with new food to overcome fears and enhance acceptance. The Family Eating Env
9、ironment Parents and caregivers greatly influence the eating environment in which childrens preferences and eating patterns develop. Caregivers determine which foods are available to the child and what composes a childs diet. They also provide a model of eating behavior and guide a childs eating thr
10、ough feeding practices. By selecting the food that comes into the home, parents have direct control over the food children repeatedly eat. At any point in development, large differences may exist among parents in the extent to which they allow a child to control eating, including the timing of meals
11、, as well as what and how much is eaten. Feeding practices that are too controlling are not effective, but rather may work against promoting healthy eating patterns. The use of pressure and restriction in child feeding seems to have an opposite effect on childrens preferences. Another unintended con
12、sequence of using pressure in child feeding is that it may cause eating to be influenced by factors other than a childs own hunger and fullness. The Contemporary Eating Environment While the family is the most important environment in which childrens eating develops, cultural and physical environmen
13、ts also play a role. Environmental factors affect a parents ability to promote healthy eating patterns. Such factors include increased time demands in family life, loss of the family meal, increased television viewing during meals, increased dining-out (外出就餐) occasions, and increased use of childcar
14、e. Parents also struggle with the broader health and eating concerns of our society. This climate includes poor diet quality and an ever-increasing number of overweight parents and children. At the same time, society places an enormous emphasis on dieting and thinness. Promoting Healthy Eating Behav
15、iors A worthy goal for parents and caregivers is to create feeding environments that promote healthy eating behaviors and support healthy weight and growth. There are several important feeding issues for most children: 1. Young children eat small amounts of food frequently; three meals and three sna
16、cks (点心) is a normal eating pattern until well into the school years. 2. The appearance of irregular eating patterns is not necessarily evidence of poor eating habits. Parents should consider the amount of food eaten across the day and beyond, rather than focus on getting a child to eat at a particu
17、lar eating occasion. 3. Young children require fewer energy and smaller portion sizes. Because increasing portion sizes may increase energy intakes, be careful about routinely (习惯性地) offering adult-size servings of drinks and snacks. Keeping these issues and the following ten tips in mind will help
18、parents and caregivers develop healthy eating behaviors in the children they care for. Ten Tips for Putting Information into Action 1. Children benefit from eating routines (常规) and structure in the same way that they benefit from bedtime routines! Be sure to offer three meals and two to three snack
19、s across the course of the day. In between, avoid feeding the child by adopting a closed kitchen policy. 2. What does hunger have to do with it? Everything. Direct children towards internal cues like hunger and fullness. Speak plainly to children about hunger and fullness during mealtime and snacks.
20、 3. Avoid focusing on the amounts consumed. Instead, offer healthy choices and learn about appropriate portion sizes for children. 4. Offer healthy snacks and routinely remind children that fruits and vegetables are available for snacking. 5. Dont give up! Children need repeated experiences with new
21、 food before they learn to like them. 6. Be conscious of low nutrient, high-energy drinks and food consumption. 7. Be active! Turn off the television (limit of 2 hours per day) and encourage free play by GOING OUTSIDE! 8. Make family meals a priority whenever possible. Try for at least three family
22、dinners a week. Limit eating out to twice a week and try to choose restaurants with surroundings that permit conversation. 9. Develop childrens conversational styles and their sense of importance by eliminating distractions like television and music during family meals. 10. Promote healthy eatingnot
23、 dietingin word and in deed. Adopt a moderate approach that includes all food in age-appropriate amounts. College Is Just the Beginning of Lifelong LearningAlthough it may sometimes feel more like a burden, being a student is a golden opportunity. As a student, you are able to focus on learning for
24、a period of time, and your school focuses on you in return, helping you gain access to knowledge, resources, and experiences. Take advantage of the academic opportunity by developing a habit of seeking out new learning opportunities. That habit will encourage you to continue your learning long after
25、 you have graduated, even in the face of the pressure of everyday life. Learning brings change, and change causes growth. If you confine your learning to your time as a student, you will make it difficult to improve and move ahead both on the job and in your personal life. On the other hand, if you
26、take advantage of the chances to learn what comes into your way, you will continue to move ahead. As you change and the world changes, new knowledge and ideas continually emerge. Absorb them so that you can drive yourself forward into the future. Here are some lifelong learning strategies that can e
27、ncourage you to continually ask questions and explore new ideas. Look into new interests. When information and events catch your attention, take your interest one step further and find out more. If you are fascinated by lawyers on television, find out more if your school has legal clubs where you ca
28、n explore. If a friend of yours starts to take yoga (瑜珈), try out a class with him. If you really like one part of a particular class, see if there is any other class that focuses on that specific subject. Stop saying I wish I had tried that and start saying Im going to do it. Read books, newspapers
29、, magazines, and other writings. Reading opens a world of new perspectives. Check out whats on the bestseller list at your bookstore. Ask your friends about books that have changed their lives. Stay on the top of the current changes in your community, your state, your country, and even the world by
30、reading newspapers and magazines. A newspaper that has a broad scope, such as The New York Times or Washington Post, can be an education in itself. Explore religious literature, family letters, and Internet news groups and web pages. Keep something with you to read at those moments when you have not
31、hing to do. Spend time with interesting people. When you meet someone new who inspires you and makes you think, keep in touch. Have a dinner party and invite one person or a couple from each corner of your lifeyour family, your work, your school, a club to which you belong, and your neighborhood. So
32、metimes, meet for reasons that go beyond just being social. Start a book club, a repair group, an acting club, an exercise group, or a business group. Learn something new from each other. Make improvement in your studies and in your career. When at school, take classes outside of your major if you have time. After graduation, continue your education both in your field and in the area of general knowledge. Stay on top of ideas, developments, and new technology in your field by seeking out continuing education courses. Sign up for career-related seminars. Tak
