1、独立结构与悬垂分词独立主格一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（A
2、bsolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succe
3、ed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步
4、行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the
5、 dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really cant afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。（Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really c
6、ant afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will
7、look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the de
8、sk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
9、每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were
10、 watching him）必背：含有being的独立主格结构。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went
11、 home.3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily, each
12、 wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）C-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的
13、独立主格结构。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.）The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。（ = As thei
14、r living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.）He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.) The task completed, he had two months leave. 任务完
15、成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months leave.）比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上
16、去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、 无动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A逻辑主语+名词Ten st
17、udents entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因
18、为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。B逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.C逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went
19、home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was stand
20、ing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示
21、：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A with+名词代词+形容词He doesnt
22、 like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man
23、felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his
24、father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mou
25、th. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了
26、，火车开始起动了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。= The man felt
27、very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slip
28、ped through the window.F with+名词代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。=The kid feels excited as there are
29、 so many places of interest to visit.提示：在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）四、 独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A作状语独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1表示时
30、间Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。 （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Gra
31、ce took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected presi
32、dent is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3表示条件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can
