1、武汉大学博士英语结课考试复习过程武汉大学博士英语结课考试一、 段落分析Concept-defining(一) Content 内容（from paragraph level）1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统）2 Aspect (supporting sentence)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to societyfrom individu
2、al to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words=thesis 论点+evidence论据=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面4 Form/Function形式（passage level）Structure: the
3、organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)(二) Paragraph development1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法1) topic order2) causal order = cause and effect3) spatial order = space order4) chronological order =
4、time order5) problem and solution6) means and ends7) process and result8) classification9) hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10) antithesis对偶、排比11) progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)12) comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比3 Logic relationship
5、(from passage level) (what, why, how)1)Cause and effect因果关系=why & how2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why4)Problem and solution = what & how5)Example = how(三) Developing Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)1 Unity (一致性)topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关
6、2 Development (发展性)supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Development1) exemplification例证2) facts事实3) citation引证4) comparison and contrast比较与对比5) analysis分析6) classification分类3 Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)from t
7、he most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from
8、 physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health
9、care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move
10、art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of th
11、e work they do is information work.TopicEffect/InfluencePerspectiveHuman and organizationsAspectHuman: from physical to psychologicalOrganization: from individual to socialKeywordsSkill(s)By exampleMethod(s)By classificationQuestion(Logic Relationship)What and How第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see
12、that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its partsthe interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater powerthe power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enab
13、le an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have fi
14、ve hundred TV channels.TopicPowerPerspectivePhysiology safety and BelongingnessAspectFrom material to spiritualKeywordsSkill(s)By exampleMethod(s)Hierarchical structureQuestion(Logic Relationship)What and How第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.
15、In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.TopicculturePerspectiveworldAspectFrom material aspectsKeywordsCulture, mythologie
16、s; Mayan temples, Incan monuments, Celtic cairns, Khmer statues, Ziggurat-like structuresSkill(s)By exampleMethod(s)In spatial orderQuestion(Logic Relationship)What and How第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An is
17、lander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priest
18、s, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.TopiccivilizationPerspectiveEaster IslandersAspectFrom idea to behaviorKeywordsChange; Long term trend, warning, status quoSkill(s)By quotation and statementMethod(s)By classificationQuestion(Logic Relations
19、hip)What and Why第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopias forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful dec
20、ision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.TopicdecimationPerspectivehumanityAspectFrom idea to behavior or vice verse/from material to spiritual aspectsKeywordsDecimation; (of th
21、e rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries)Skill(s)By statistics and statementMethod(s)Cause and effectQuestion(Logic Relationship)What-How-Why第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find insp
22、iring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell
23、calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.TopicMythsPerspectiveMythmakingAspectMythsKeywordsMyth-changing; oldmyths-collapsing, newmyths-emerging, future-shaping, mythmaking, venture, enterprise Skill(s)By statementMethod(s)Problem and solutionQuestion(Logic R
24、elationship)What-Why-How第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers i
25、ncreased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticidesfirst greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prizewas followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led t
26、o storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the
27、 rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.TopicShadowPerspectiveScience and societyAspectFrom technology to societyKeywordsShadow; automobile, fertilizers, insecticides, nuclear power plants, waste products, alcoholism,
28、 drug addiction, suicide, spouse and child abuseSkill(s)By exampleMethod(s)By classification: macro: hierarchical structure (from least to most)micro: antithesis (from positive to negative)Question(Logic Relationship)What and How第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in wh
29、ich antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and
30、 scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.TopicPrinciplePerspectiveSituationsAspectPress beyond dialogue (nonverbal communication)KeywordsReal life situation, common ground; press beyond dialo
31、gueSkill(s)By exampleMethod(s)By antithesis: homogeneity(同质) and heterogeneity(异质)Question(Logic Relationship)What and How二、 文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is uni
