1、The Attributive Clause定语从句,What is an attributive?(何为定语？),There is a huge cake She is a beautiful girl.用于修饰名词、代词的句子成分为定语。定语常由形容词或形容词性短语来充当。,What is an attributive clause?(何为定语从句？),在主从复合句中，用于充当主句的定语成分(用于修饰某名词,代词或名词短语)的从句，称为定语从句(形容词性从句)。There is a cake that is huge.She is a girl who is beautiful.,He i
2、s a little boy.He is eating.He is a little boy who is eating.,He is a popular singer.His song is popular among young people.He is a popular singer whose song is popular among young people.,谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。真正的友谊犹如健康的身体,失去时方知其可贵。,Proverbs 记住,Friendship is like health,the value of which is seldom known unti
3、l it is lost.,He who laughs last laughs best.,定语从句的结构,e.g.Justin Bieber is a famous singer who sings the song Baby.,先行词（可放入从句中充当一定成分）,定语从句（在先行词后；从句中常缺成分）,Do you know the man?He spoke just now.,Do you know the man who spoke just now?,关系词（引导定从；代替先行词；在从句中作一定成分）,I showed him the letter.,I received it th
4、is morning.,I showed him the letter(which)I received this morning.,引导定语从句的关联词有：,关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,关系副词：when,where,why,关系词的选择与先行词的意思，及先行词在从句中充当的句子成分决定。,引导定语从句的关系代词,that 即指人又指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。which 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。who,whom 指人,who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom作宾语。whose既指人又指物,在从句中作定语,表“某某的”。that,which,whom,who在
5、定语从句中作宾语时,可省去。介词+关系词时，指物只能用which,指人只能用whom,Tips,whom 指人,在从句中作宾语，可省略。,e.g.Do you know the man(whom)we saw at the Beijing Hotel?,The girl is from America.,I called her just now.,The girl(whom)I called just now is from America.,1.that 在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物。,1)A plane is a machine that can fly.,2)The noodles
6、that I cooked were delicious.,3)Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.,4)The girl that we saw yesterday is Jims sister.,(主语),(宾语),(主语),(宾语),定语从句三要素：先行词，关系词，先行词/关系词 在从句中充当的句子成分。,哪几个that可省略？3、4句还可用什么关系词？,2.Which 在从句中作主语或宾语，指物。They planted the trees which didnt need much water.2)The fish
7、 which we bought were not fresh.3.who,whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语(口语中who也可作宾语)。The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.,(主语),(宾语),(主语),2)The boy who broke the window is called Michael.3)The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Li.=The person whom/who you just talked to is Mr.Li.4)Mr.Read
8、 is the professor to whom you should write.,(主语),(宾语),（宾语),4.whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物。Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.2)This is the boy whose composition the teacher talked of.This is the boy.The teacher talked of his composition.3)This is the book whose cover is blue.,3.The h
9、ouse _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.,Fill in the blanks with who,whom,that,which or whose.,1.The earthquake _ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.,2.We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in 1906 earthquake.,that/which,that/who,which/that,Practice
10、 1,5.Harry is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher.,whose,4.The person to_ you just talked is Mr.Li.,whom,将下面的两个句子合并成一个句子,The reason was very simple.The local policeman explained the reason.The reason that/which the local policeman explained was very simple.Tommy is our monitor.His vocabulary is ve
11、ry large.Tommy whose vocabulary is very large is our monitor.The little girl is my niece.I walked my dog with my niece.The little girl whom/that/who I walked my dog with is my niece.The little girl with whom I walked my dog is my niece.,Practice 2,Translation,1.他就是住在隔壁的医生。He is the doctor who/that l
12、ives next door.2.请把那本绿皮的书传给我。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.,Practice 3,that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。,先行词本身为everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,all,none,some 等不定代词时。,Note,This is the first book(that)he has read.,This is the very book that belongs t
13、o him.,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被the only,the very,the last 修饰时。,(2)先行词被all,every,any,no,some,few,little,much等修饰时。,(5)先行词不止一个，既有人，又有物，用that。He mentioned the people and things that he saw in his trip.(6)先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词。Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？Who is the girl that you spoke to just
14、 now?(7)主句是there be 结构，修饰其主语的定语从句用that（先行词为物）There is a book on the desk that belongs to my sister.,1.当先行词是he,she 等人称代词，以及one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those 等,指人时一般用who,不用that.(若指物，则用which)Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.What is that which is shinin
15、g in the room?,Note,Complete the following sentences with that,which,who or whose.Then translate them into Chinese orally.1.Here are my neighbours _home was destroyed by earthquake.2.The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people _were asleep.3.The next day people put up shelters in the
16、 open air made with anything _ they could find.,whose,that/who,(that),4.Several days later most of the buildings _had been damaged were repaired.5.This frightened boy _ mother were lost in the disaster is looking for her now.6.We went to see our teacher_ husband lost his life in the earthquake.7.“Is
17、 this the young man _ saved several people trapped under buildings?”she asked.8.A number of children _parents had died in the quake were sent to live with families in the other cities.,that/which,whose,whose,whose,who/that,关系副词relative adverbs,关系代词：在从句中作 主语，宾语，定语和表语关系副词：在从句中作 时间、地点、原因状语when：作 时间状语wh
18、ere：作 地点状语why：作 原因状语,This is the factory I worked ten years ago.This is the factory.I worked in the factory ten years ago.先行词：the factory，与介词in一起放入从句中作状语从句部分：I worked ten years ago.关系词：where1.作连词，引导定语从句2.代替先行词，在从句中充当状语成分3.关系副词=介词+关系代词This is the factory in which I worked ten years ago.凡是先行词放入从句当中，需加
19、介词的，该结构（介词+先行词）在从句中都是充当状语成分，关系词都应使用关系副词，或 介词+关系代词。,where,The school is near a park.My son studies in this school.The school where my son studies is near a park.=The school in which my son studies is near a park.,关系副词where,We visited the house.LuXun once lived in the house.We visited the house where
20、LuXun once lived.=We visited the house in which Lusun once lived.,where引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词，并在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“in/at/on+which”。,Theyll never forget July 1.Hong Kong returned to its motherland on July 1.Theyll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland.=Theyll never forget July 1 on whic
21、h Hong Kong returned to its motherland.,关系副词when,Ill never forget the day.I joined the league on that day.Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.Ill never forget the day on which I joined the league.,when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词，并在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“in/at/on/during+which”。,There are many reasons.Peop
22、le like traveling for these reasons.There are many reasons why people like traveling.There are many reasons for which people like traveling.,关系副词why,why引导的定语从句修饰表示原因的名词，并在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“for+which”。,在口语中,关系副词why有时可以省略。That is the reason(why/for which)I did it.,总结关系副词:where,when,why,时间 when=in/at/on/d
23、uring which地点 where=at/in/on which原因 why=for which,“when”means“at that time”,“where”means“at that place”,“why”is used after the word“reason”.,a.This is the place where he works.This is the place(which/that)we visited last year.b.That was the time when he arrived.Do you still remember the time(that/w
24、hich)we spent together?,Notes:关系副词与关系代词的区别,c.This is the reason why/for which he went.The reason that(which)he gave us was quite reasonable.,1.Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A.that B.where C.which D.the one,Exercise,B,3.I shall never forget those years _ I live in the farm _ you visit
25、ed last week.A.when;where B.which;which C.when;which D.which;where4.Do you know the reason _ he was late?A.for which B.for what C.which D.that,C,A,5.May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.A.which B.when C.on which D.about which6.Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the p
26、roposal?A.which B.what C.why D.for that,A,C,“介词+关系代词”介词的选择,1.与从句中谓语动词的搭配相关This is the book on which I spent 10 yuan.This is the book for which I paid 10 yuan.2.与先行词的搭配相关I will never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.3.与所表达的意义相关The colorless gas without which we can not
27、 live is called oxygen.不可拆开的“动词+介词”短语：look for,look after,take care of等。,Tip 1,whose=of+关系代词(which/whom)They live in a house,whose door opens to the south.,=They lived in a house,the door of which faces the south.,Tip 2,We went to see our teacher,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.=We wen
28、t to see our teacher,the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.,the way 作为先行词时的特殊用法,This is a good way in which the problem can be solved.=This is a good way that the problem can be solved.=This is a good way the problem can be solved.(不用引导词)这是解决问题的好方法。,Tip 3,situation(情景),case（实例）,point（阶
29、段）,Internet,stage（阶段）等表抽象“地点”的名词作先行词时,关系副词选择where,The Internet,where we can search for a large amount of information,has become an indispensable part of many peoples life.,Tip 4,occasion(时机，场合)作为先行词时，关系副词选择whenSocial parties are the occasions when people can develop their interpersonal relationship.
30、,as引导的定语从句,1.引导限制性定语从句，用在“such as”,“the same as结构中，常译作“像一样的人或物”。,He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.,This is the same book as I read last week.,这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。,这就是我上周读的那本书,This is the same book that I read last week.,在the same as结构中，as可以换成that，但句意不一样。,but引导的定语从句,but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1)There a
31、re very few but understand his idea.(but=who dont),非限制性定语从句,关系词不能省不能用that 和 why不能用who代替whom,限制性定语从句举例(1)The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.(2)China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：(1)His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.(2)China,
32、which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.,1.从句与先行词紧密性不同 2.译法不同,例1.In China students learn English at achool as a foreign language,except for those in Hong kong,where many people speak English as a first or second language.（选自Unit 2 English around the world）,例2：There are more than
33、 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.（选自Unit 2 English around the world）,例3：In 1986 he moved to Hollywood to live with his stepfather,who is a film director.（高一上Unit 5 The Silver Screen),例4：Spielberg,whose mother was a music teacher,was born in 1946 in a small town in America.（高一上Unit 5 The Silver Screen),(1)His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to col
